Formula RL: Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Racing using Telemetry Data
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper explores the use of reinforcement learning (RL) models for autonomous racing. In contrast to passenger cars, where safety is the top priority, a racing car aims to minimize the lap-time. We frame the problem as a reinforcement learning task with a multidimensional input consisting of the vehicle telemetry, and a continuous action space. To find out which RL methods better solve the problem and whether the obtained models generalize to driving on unknown tracks, we put 10 variants of deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) to race in two experiments: i)~studying how RL methods learn to drive a racing car and ii)~studying how the learning scenario influences the capability of the models to generalize. Our studies show that models trained with RL are not only able to drive faster than the baseline open source handcrafted bots but also generalize to unknown tracks.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Apr 2021.
Builds on
11 of 24 references.
References · 11
- 2015Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningcited by 3,407
- 2013Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 3,274
- 2016Asynchronous Methods for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 2,258
- 2015Prioritized Experience Replaycited by 1,099
- 2015Deep Recurrent Q-Learning for Partially Observable MDPscited by 465
- 2017Leveraging Demonstrations for Deep Reinforcement Learning on Robotics Problems with Sparse Rewardscited by 319
- 2015DeepDriving: Learning Affordance for Direct Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 231
- 2018End-to-End Race Driving with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 40
- 2013Simulated Car Racing Championship: Competition Software Manualcited by 8
- 2017Meta learning Framework for Automated Drivingcited by 6
- 2017Aggressive Deep Driving: Model Predictive Control with a CNN Cost Modelcited by 6
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 1; 2024: 4; 2025: 4.
10 papers.
- 2022Autonomous Vehicles on the Edge: A Survey on Autonomous Vehicle Racingcited by 64
- 2024A Super-human Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Autonomous Racing in Gran Turismocited by 15
- 2025A Champion-level Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Competitive Racing in Gran Turismo 7cited by 4
- 2025Automated Reward Design for Gran Turismocited by 3
- 2024Behavioural Cloning in VizDoomcited by 2
- 2024AARK: An Open Toolkit for Autonomous Racing Researchcited by 2
- 2023Racing Towards Reinforcement Learning based control of an Autonomous Formula SAE Carcited by 1
- 2024Learning Autonomous Race Driving with Action Mapping Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2025Vision based driving agent for race car simulation environmentscited by 1
- 2025Spatial Envelope MPC: High Performance Driving without a Referencecited by 0
- 2025Automated Reward Design for Gran Turismo3 Nov 2025
- 2025Spatial Envelope MPC: High Performance Driving without a Reference23 Sep 2025
- 2025Vision based driving agent for race car simulation environments14 Apr 2025
- 2025A Champion-level Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Competitive Racing in Gran Turismo 712 Apr 2025
- 2024AARK: An Open Toolkit for Autonomous Racing Research1 Oct 2024
- 2024Learning Autonomous Race Driving with Action Mapping Reinforcement Learning21 Jun 2024
- 2024A Super-human Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Autonomous Racing in Gran Turismo18 Jun 2024
- 2024Behavioural Cloning in VizDoom8 Jan 2024
- 2023Racing Towards Reinforcement Learning based control of an Autonomous Formula SAE Car24 Aug 2023
- 2022Autonomous Vehicles on the Edge: A Survey on Autonomous Vehicle Racing14 Feb 2022