mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ProcessTransformer: Predictive Business Process Monitoring with Transformer Network

arXiv 2104.00721 ↗First posted 1 Apr 2021cs.LG cs.AIcited by 34

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Abstract (arXiv)

Predictive business process monitoring focuses on predicting future characteristics of a running process using event logs. The foresight into process execution promises great potentials for efficient operations, better resource management, and effective customer services. Deep learning-based approaches have been widely adopted in process mining to address the limitations of classical algorithms for solving multiple problems, especially the next event and remaining-time prediction tasks. Nevertheless, designing a deep neural architecture that performs competitively across various tasks is challenging as existing methods fail to capture long-range dependencies in the input sequences and perform poorly for lengthy process traces. In this paper, we propose ProcessTransformer, an approach for learning high-level representations from event logs with an attention-based network. Our model incorporates long-range memory and relies on a self-attention mechanism to establish dependencies between a multitude of event sequences and corresponding outputs. We evaluate the applicability of our technique on nine real event logs. We demonstrate that the transformer-based model outperforms several baselines of prior techniques by obtaining on average above 80% accuracy for the task of predicting the next activity. Our method also perform competitively, compared to baselines, for the tasks of predicting event time and remaining time of a running case

Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Apr 2021.

Builds on

15 of 37 references.

References · 15

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  6. 2017A Survey on Multi-Task Learningcited by 838
  7. 2016Predictive Business Process Monitoring with LSTM Neural Networkscited by 103
  8. 2016Entity Embeddings of Categorical Variablescited by 85
  9. 2020Deep Learning for Predictive Business Process Monitoring: Review and Benchmarkcited by 45
  10. 2020Predictive Business Process Monitoring via Generative Adversarial Nets: The Case of Next Event Predictioncited by 31
  11. 2016Time and Activity Sequence Prediction of Business Process Instancescited by 24
  12. 2017LSTM Networks for Data-Aware Remaining Time Prediction of Business Process Instancescited by 19
3 more
  1. 2020Time Matters: Time-Aware LSTMs for Predictive Business Process Monitoringcited by 14
  2. 2020An empirical comparison of deep-neural-network architectures for next activity prediction using context-enriched process event logscited by 5
  3. 2020Encoder-Decoder Generative Adversarial Nets for Suffix Generation and Remaining Time Prediction of Business Process Modelscited by 3

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 5; 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 10; 2026: 9.

34 papers.

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  1. 2024PGTNet: A Process Graph Transformer Network for Remaining Time Prediction of Business Process Instancescited by 13
  2. 2021Embedding Graph Convolutional Networks in Recurrent Neural Networks for Predictive Monitoringcited by 12
  3. 2021What Averages Do Not Tell -- Predicting Real Life Processes with Sequential Deep Learningcited by 7
  4. 2021Building Interpretable Models for Business Process Prediction using Shared and Specialised Attention Mechanismscited by 6
  5. 2022Generating Privacy-Preserving Process Data with Deep Generative Modelscited by 3
  6. 2022Can recurrent neural networks learn process model structure?cited by 3
  7. 2025Directly Follows Graphs Go Predictive Process Monitoring With Graph Neural Networkscited by 3
  8. 2022Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Improved Modeling of Processescited by 2
  9. 2023A Survey on Event Prediction Methods from a Systems Perspective: Bringing Together Disparate Research Areascited by 2
  10. 2024Attention Please: What Transformer Models Really Learn for Process Predictioncited by 2
  11. 2025An Innovative Next Activity Prediction Using Process Entropy and Dynamic Attribute-Wise-Transformer in Predictive Business Process Monitoringcited by 2
  12. 2025Time-Aware and Transition-Semantic Graph Neural Networks for Interpretable Predictive Business Process Monitoringcited by 2
22 more
  1. 2022Can deep neural networks learn process model structure? An assessment framework and analysiscited by 1
  2. 2022Enhancing Stochastic Petri Net-based Remaining Time Prediction using k-Nearest Neighborscited by 1
  3. 2025RLHGNN: Reinforcement Learning-driven Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network for Next Activity Prediction in Business Processescited by 1
  4. 2025Predictive Process Monitoring Using Object-centric Graph Embeddingscited by 1
  5. 2025From Source to Target: Leveraging Transfer Learning for Predictive Process Monitoring in Organizationscited by 1
  6. 2026Neuro-Symbolic Learning for Predictive Process Monitoring via Two-Stage Logic Tensor Networks with Rule Pruningcited by 1
  7. 2026Compliance-Aware Predictive Process Monitoring: A Neuro-Symbolic Approachcited by 1
  8. 2023Analysis of business process automation as linear time-invariant system networkcited by 0
  9. 2024Structural Positional Encoding for knowledge integration in transformer-based medical process monitoringcited by 0
  10. 2024Anomaly Correction of Business Processes Using Transformer Autoencodercited by 0
  11. 2024Extending predictive process monitoring for collaborative processescited by 0
  12. 2025Rethinking BPS: A Utility-Based Evaluation Frameworkcited by 0
  13. 2025Leveraging Data Augmentation and Siamese Learning for Predictive Process Monitoringcited by 0
  14. 2025On the Simplification of Neural Network Architectures for Predictive Process Monitoringcited by 0
  15. 2025Towards Reproducibility in Predictive Process Mining: SPICE -- A Deep Learning Librarycited by 0
  16. 2026Promoting Simple Agents: Ensemble Methods for Event-Log Predictioncited by 0
  17. 2026David vs. Goliath in Next Activity Prediction: Argmax vs. LSTM, Transformer, and LLMcited by 0
  18. 2026EHHN: An Event-driven Heterogeneous Hypergraph Network for Object-Centric Next Activity Predictioncited by 0
  19. 2026Revisiting Predictive Process Monitoring in the Age of Foundation Models: A Comparative Study of Sequence, Tabular, and LLM Approachescited by 0
  20. 2026GNN4PPM: Multi-Target Predictive Process Monitoring with Relational Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 0
  21. 2026Probabilistic Forecasting of Business Process Executions with Neural Temporal Point Processescited by 0
  22. 2026Universal Multi-Modal Traceformer: Integrating Heterogeneous Context for Process Event Predictioncited by 0