ProcessTransformer: Predictive Business Process Monitoring with Transformer Network
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Abstract (arXiv)
Predictive business process monitoring focuses on predicting future characteristics of a running process using event logs. The foresight into process execution promises great potentials for efficient operations, better resource management, and effective customer services. Deep learning-based approaches have been widely adopted in process mining to address the limitations of classical algorithms for solving multiple problems, especially the next event and remaining-time prediction tasks. Nevertheless, designing a deep neural architecture that performs competitively across various tasks is challenging as existing methods fail to capture long-range dependencies in the input sequences and perform poorly for lengthy process traces. In this paper, we propose ProcessTransformer, an approach for learning high-level representations from event logs with an attention-based network. Our model incorporates long-range memory and relies on a self-attention mechanism to establish dependencies between a multitude of event sequences and corresponding outputs. We evaluate the applicability of our technique on nine real event logs. We demonstrate that the transformer-based model outperforms several baselines of prior techniques by obtaining on average above 80% accuracy for the task of predicting the next activity. Our method also perform competitively, compared to baselines, for the tasks of predicting event time and remaining time of a running case
Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Apr 2021.
Builds on
15 of 37 references.
References · 15
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- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2014Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translatecited by 4,530
- 2014Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networkscited by 2,974
- 2016The LAMBADA dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse contextcited by 960
- 2017A Survey on Multi-Task Learningcited by 838
- 2016Predictive Business Process Monitoring with LSTM Neural Networkscited by 103
- 2016Entity Embeddings of Categorical Variablescited by 85
- 2020Deep Learning for Predictive Business Process Monitoring: Review and Benchmarkcited by 45
- 2020Predictive Business Process Monitoring via Generative Adversarial Nets: The Case of Next Event Predictioncited by 31
- 2016Time and Activity Sequence Prediction of Business Process Instancescited by 24
- 2017LSTM Networks for Data-Aware Remaining Time Prediction of Business Process Instancescited by 19
3 more
- 2020Time Matters: Time-Aware LSTMs for Predictive Business Process Monitoringcited by 14
- 2020An empirical comparison of deep-neural-network architectures for next activity prediction using context-enriched process event logscited by 5
- 2020Encoder-Decoder Generative Adversarial Nets for Suffix Generation and Remaining Time Prediction of Business Process Modelscited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 5; 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 10; 2026: 9.
34 papers.
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- 2024PGTNet: A Process Graph Transformer Network for Remaining Time Prediction of Business Process Instancescited by 13
- 2021Embedding Graph Convolutional Networks in Recurrent Neural Networks for Predictive Monitoringcited by 12
- 2021What Averages Do Not Tell -- Predicting Real Life Processes with Sequential Deep Learningcited by 7
- 2021Building Interpretable Models for Business Process Prediction using Shared and Specialised Attention Mechanismscited by 6
- 2022Generating Privacy-Preserving Process Data with Deep Generative Modelscited by 3
- 2022Can recurrent neural networks learn process model structure?cited by 3
- 2025Directly Follows Graphs Go Predictive Process Monitoring With Graph Neural Networkscited by 3
- 2022Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Improved Modeling of Processescited by 2
- 2023A Survey on Event Prediction Methods from a Systems Perspective: Bringing Together Disparate Research Areascited by 2
- 2024Attention Please: What Transformer Models Really Learn for Process Predictioncited by 2
- 2025An Innovative Next Activity Prediction Using Process Entropy and Dynamic Attribute-Wise-Transformer in Predictive Business Process Monitoringcited by 2
- 2025Time-Aware and Transition-Semantic Graph Neural Networks for Interpretable Predictive Business Process Monitoringcited by 2
22 more
- 2022Can deep neural networks learn process model structure? An assessment framework and analysiscited by 1
- 2022Enhancing Stochastic Petri Net-based Remaining Time Prediction using k-Nearest Neighborscited by 1
- 2025RLHGNN: Reinforcement Learning-driven Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network for Next Activity Prediction in Business Processescited by 1
- 2025Predictive Process Monitoring Using Object-centric Graph Embeddingscited by 1
- 2025From Source to Target: Leveraging Transfer Learning for Predictive Process Monitoring in Organizationscited by 1
- 2026Neuro-Symbolic Learning for Predictive Process Monitoring via Two-Stage Logic Tensor Networks with Rule Pruningcited by 1
- 2026Compliance-Aware Predictive Process Monitoring: A Neuro-Symbolic Approachcited by 1
- 2023Analysis of business process automation as linear time-invariant system networkcited by 0
- 2024Structural Positional Encoding for knowledge integration in transformer-based medical process monitoringcited by 0
- 2024Anomaly Correction of Business Processes Using Transformer Autoencodercited by 0
- 2024Extending predictive process monitoring for collaborative processescited by 0
- 2025Rethinking BPS: A Utility-Based Evaluation Frameworkcited by 0
- 2025Leveraging Data Augmentation and Siamese Learning for Predictive Process Monitoringcited by 0
- 2025On the Simplification of Neural Network Architectures for Predictive Process Monitoringcited by 0
- 2025Towards Reproducibility in Predictive Process Mining: SPICE -- A Deep Learning Librarycited by 0
- 2026Promoting Simple Agents: Ensemble Methods for Event-Log Predictioncited by 0
- 2026David vs. Goliath in Next Activity Prediction: Argmax vs. LSTM, Transformer, and LLMcited by 0
- 2026EHHN: An Event-driven Heterogeneous Hypergraph Network for Object-Centric Next Activity Predictioncited by 0
- 2026Revisiting Predictive Process Monitoring in the Age of Foundation Models: A Comparative Study of Sequence, Tabular, and LLM Approachescited by 0
- 2026GNN4PPM: Multi-Target Predictive Process Monitoring with Relational Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 0
- 2026Probabilistic Forecasting of Business Process Executions with Neural Temporal Point Processescited by 0
- 2026Universal Multi-Modal Traceformer: Integrating Heterogeneous Context for Process Event Predictioncited by 0
- 2026Universal Multi-Modal Traceformer: Integrating Heterogeneous Context for Process Event Prediction21 Sep 2026
- 2026Probabilistic Forecasting of Business Process Executions with Neural Temporal Point Processes18 Sep 2026
- 2026GNN4PPM: Multi-Target Predictive Process Monitoring with Relational Graph Convolutional Networks13 Sep 2026
- 2026Revisiting Predictive Process Monitoring in the Age of Foundation Models: A Comparative Study of Sequence, Tabular, and LLM Approaches30 Jul 2026
- 2026EHHN: An Event-driven Heterogeneous Hypergraph Network for Object-Centric Next Activity Prediction2 Jul 2026
- 2026David vs. Goliath in Next Activity Prediction: Argmax vs. LSTM, Transformer, and LLM14 Jun 2026
- 2026Promoting Simple Agents: Ensemble Methods for Event-Log Prediction23 Apr 2026
- 2026Compliance-Aware Predictive Process Monitoring: A Neuro-Symbolic Approach27 Mar 2026
- 2026Neuro-Symbolic Learning for Predictive Process Monitoring via Two-Stage Logic Tensor Networks with Rule Pruning27 Mar 2026
- 2025Towards Reproducibility in Predictive Process Mining: SPICE -- A Deep Learning Library18 Dec 2025
- 2025On the Simplification of Neural Network Architectures for Predictive Process Monitoring21 Sep 2025
- 2025Time-Aware and Transition-Semantic Graph Neural Networks for Interpretable Predictive Business Process Monitoring13 Aug 2025
22 more
- 2025From Source to Target: Leveraging Transfer Learning for Predictive Process Monitoring in Organizations11 Aug 2025
- 2025Leveraging Data Augmentation and Siamese Learning for Predictive Process Monitoring24 Jul 2025
- 2025Predictive Process Monitoring Using Object-centric Graph Embeddings21 Jul 2025
- 2025RLHGNN: Reinforcement Learning-driven Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network for Next Activity Prediction in Business Processes3 Jul 2025
- 2025Rethinking BPS: A Utility-Based Evaluation Framework28 May 2025
- 2025Directly Follows Graphs Go Predictive Process Monitoring With Graph Neural Networks5 Mar 2025
- 2025An Innovative Next Activity Prediction Using Process Entropy and Dynamic Attribute-Wise-Transformer in Predictive Business Process Monitoring14 Feb 2025
- 2024Extending predictive process monitoring for collaborative processes13 Sep 2024
- 2024Attention Please: What Transformer Models Really Learn for Process Prediction12 Aug 2024
- 2024Anomaly Correction of Business Processes Using Transformer Autoencoder16 Apr 2024
- 2024PGTNet: A Process Graph Transformer Network for Remaining Time Prediction of Business Process Instances9 Apr 2024
- 2024Structural Positional Encoding for knowledge integration in transformer-based medical process monitoring13 Mar 2024
- 2023Analysis of business process automation as linear time-invariant system network9 Feb 2023
- 2023A Survey on Event Prediction Methods from a Systems Perspective: Bringing Together Disparate Research Areas8 Feb 2023
- 2022Can recurrent neural networks learn process model structure?13 Dec 2022
- 2022Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Improved Modeling of Processes1 Dec 2022
- 2022Enhancing Stochastic Petri Net-based Remaining Time Prediction using k-Nearest Neighbors27 Jun 2022
- 2022Generating Privacy-Preserving Process Data with Deep Generative Models15 Mar 2022
- 2022Can deep neural networks learn process model structure? An assessment framework and analysis24 Feb 2022
- 2021Embedding Graph Convolutional Networks in Recurrent Neural Networks for Predictive Monitoring17 Dec 2021
- 2021What Averages Do Not Tell -- Predicting Real Life Processes with Sequential Deep Learning19 Oct 2021
- 2021Building Interpretable Models for Business Process Prediction using Shared and Specialised Attention Mechanisms3 Sep 2021
- 2024PGTNet: A Process Graph Transformer Network for Remaining Time Prediction of Business Process Instancescited by 13
- 2021Embedding Graph Convolutional Networks in Recurrent Neural Networks for Predictive Monitoringcited by 12
- 2021What Averages Do Not Tell -- Predicting Real Life Processes with Sequential Deep Learningcited by 7
- 2021Building Interpretable Models for Business Process Prediction using Shared and Specialised Attention Mechanismscited by 6
- 2022Generating Privacy-Preserving Process Data with Deep Generative Modelscited by 3
- 2022Can recurrent neural networks learn process model structure?cited by 3
- 2025Directly Follows Graphs Go Predictive Process Monitoring With Graph Neural Networkscited by 3
- 2022Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Improved Modeling of Processescited by 2
- 2023A Survey on Event Prediction Methods from a Systems Perspective: Bringing Together Disparate Research Areascited by 2
- 2024Attention Please: What Transformer Models Really Learn for Process Predictioncited by 2
- 2025An Innovative Next Activity Prediction Using Process Entropy and Dynamic Attribute-Wise-Transformer in Predictive Business Process Monitoringcited by 2
- 2025Time-Aware and Transition-Semantic Graph Neural Networks for Interpretable Predictive Business Process Monitoringcited by 2
12 most cited of 34 All 34 (JSON)
- 2026Universal Multi-Modal Traceformer: Integrating Heterogeneous Context for Process Event Prediction21 Sep 2026
- 2026Probabilistic Forecasting of Business Process Executions with Neural Temporal Point Processes18 Sep 2026
- 2026GNN4PPM: Multi-Target Predictive Process Monitoring with Relational Graph Convolutional Networks13 Sep 2026
- 2026Revisiting Predictive Process Monitoring in the Age of Foundation Models: A Comparative Study of Sequence, Tabular, and LLM Approaches30 Jul 2026
- 2026EHHN: An Event-driven Heterogeneous Hypergraph Network for Object-Centric Next Activity Prediction2 Jul 2026
- 2026David vs. Goliath in Next Activity Prediction: Argmax vs. LSTM, Transformer, and LLM14 Jun 2026
- 2026Promoting Simple Agents: Ensemble Methods for Event-Log Prediction23 Apr 2026
- 2026Compliance-Aware Predictive Process Monitoring: A Neuro-Symbolic Approach27 Mar 2026
- 2026Neuro-Symbolic Learning for Predictive Process Monitoring via Two-Stage Logic Tensor Networks with Rule Pruning27 Mar 2026
- 2025Towards Reproducibility in Predictive Process Mining: SPICE -- A Deep Learning Library18 Dec 2025
- 2025On the Simplification of Neural Network Architectures for Predictive Process Monitoring21 Sep 2025
- 2025Time-Aware and Transition-Semantic Graph Neural Networks for Interpretable Predictive Business Process Monitoring13 Aug 2025
12 newest of 34 All 34 (JSON)