mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Unsupervised Degradation Representation Learning for Blind Super-Resolution

arXiv 2104.00416 ↗First posted 1 Apr 2021cs.CVcited by 177

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Cited by 21 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Most existing CNN-based super-resolution (SR) methods are developed based on an assumption that the degradation is fixed and known (e.g., bicubic downsampling). However, these methods suffer a severe performance drop when the real degradation is different from their assumption. To handle various unknown degradations in real-world applications, previous methods rely on degradation estimation to reconstruct the SR image. Nevertheless, degradation estimation methods are usually time-consuming and may lead to SR failure due to large estimation errors. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised degradation representation learning scheme for blind SR without explicit degradation estimation. Specifically, we learn abstract representations to distinguish various degradations in the representation space rather than explicit estimation in the pixel space. Moreover, we introduce a Degradation-Aware SR (DASR) network with flexible adaption to various degradations based on the learned representations. It is demonstrated that our degradation representation learning scheme can extract discriminative representations to obtain accurate degradation information. Experiments on both synthetic and real images show that our network achieves state-of-the-art performance for the blind SR task. Code is available at: https://github.com/LongguangWang/DASR.

Key facts. Cited by 177 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Apr 2021.

Builds on

32 of 46 references.

References · 32

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  2. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  3. 2018Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 7,662
  4. 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
  5. 2020Improved Baselines with Momentum Contrastive Learningcited by 2,282
  6. 2018Unsupervised Feature Learning via Non-Parametric Instance-level Discriminationcited by 1,838
  7. 2018Unsupervised Representation Learning by Predicting Image Rotationscited by 1,586
  8. 2017Enhanced Deep Residual Networks for Single Image Super-Resolutioncited by 1,543
  9. 2016Beyond a Gaussian Denoiser: Residual Learning of Deep CNN for Image Denoisingcited by 1,352
  10. 2019Contrastive Multiview Codingcited by 1,297
  11. 2018Image Super-Resolution Using Very Deep Residual Channel Attention Networkscited by 1,256
  12. 2016Colorful Image Colorizationcited by 1,113
20 more
  1. 2015Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning by Context Predictioncited by 1,062
  2. 2015Accurate Image Super-Resolution Using Very Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 902
  3. 2018Residual Dense Network for Image Super-Resolutioncited by 796
  4. 2019Data-Efficient Image Recognition with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 672
  5. 2020Contrastive Learning for Unpaired Image-to-Image Translationcited by 637
  6. 2015Deeply-Recursive Convolutional Network for Image Super-Resolutioncited by 317
  7. 2014Discriminative Unsupervised Feature Learning with Exemplar Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 299
  8. 2017"Zero-Shot" Super-Resolution using Deep Internal Learningcited by 285
  9. 2018Fast, Accurate, and Lightweight Super-Resolution with Cascading Residual Networkcited by 263
  10. 2020Deep Unfolding Network for Image Super-Resolutioncited by 253
  11. 2017Learning a Single Convolutional Super-Resolution Network for Multiple Degradationscited by 227
  12. 2018Deep Back-Projection Networks For Super-Resolutioncited by 224
  13. 2019Blind Super-Resolution With Iterative Kernel Correctioncited by 203
  14. 2019Blind Super-Resolution Kernel Estimation using an Internal-GANcited by 175
  15. 2020Unfolding the Alternating Optimization for Blind Super Resolutioncited by 129
  16. 2017Representation Learning by Learning to Countcited by 120
  17. 2020Meta-Transfer Learning for Zero-Shot Super-Resolutioncited by 116
  18. 2020Unified Dynamic Convolutional Network for Super-Resolution with Variational Degradationscited by 61
  19. 2019Modulating Image Restoration with Continual Levels via Adaptive Feature Modification Layerscited by 39
  20. 2019Correction Filter for Single Image Super-Resolution: Robustifying Off-the-Shelf Deep Super-Resolverscited by 35

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 16; 2022: 43; 2023: 42; 2024: 43; 2025: 24; 2026: 9.

177 papers.

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  1. 2021SwinIR: Image Restoration Using Swin Transformercited by 1,869
  2. 2021Real-ESRGAN: Training Real-World Blind Super-Resolution with Pure Synthetic Datacited by 961
  3. 2023Exploiting Diffusion Prior for Real-World Image Super-Resolutioncited by 486
  4. 2024Scaling Up to Excellence: Practicing Model Scaling for Photo-Realistic Image Restoration In the Wildcited by 281
  5. 2022VRT: A Video Restoration Transformercited by 219
  6. 2022Real-World Blind Super-Resolution via Feature Matching with Implicit High-Resolution Priorscited by 98
  7. 2022Efficient and Degradation-Adaptive Network for Real-World Image Super-Resolutioncited by 96
  8. 2021Blind Image Super-Resolution: A Survey and Beyondcited by 93
  9. 2021Hierarchical Conditional Flow: A Unified Framework for Image Super-Resolution and Image Rescalingcited by 73
  10. 2022CiaoSR: Continuous Implicit Attention-in-Attention Network for Arbitrary-Scale Image Super-Resolutioncited by 69
  11. 2024Towards Realistic Data Generation for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 56
  12. 2021Mutual Affine Network for Spatially Variant Kernel Estimation in Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 52
38 more
  1. 2023Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models for Robust Image Super-Resolution in the Wildcited by 46
  2. 2023Neural Degradation Representation Learning for All-In-One Image Restorationcited by 46
  3. 2021Reflash Dropout in Image Super-Resolutioncited by 41
  4. 2023DeSRA: Detect and Delete the Artifacts of GAN-based Real-World Super-Resolution Modelscited by 41
  5. 2024Efficient Real-world Image Super-Resolution Via Adaptive Directional Gradient Convolutioncited by 36
  6. 2022Learning Degradation Representations for Image Deblurringcited by 35
  7. 2021Blind Image Super-Resolution via Contrastive Representation Learningcited by 32
  8. 2021A Practical Contrastive Learning Framework for Single-Image Super-Resolutioncited by 30
  9. 2023Unifying Image Processing as Visual Prompting Question Answeringcited by 29
  10. 2022Knowledge Distillation based Degradation Estimation for Blind Super-Resolutioncited by 28
  11. 2021Finding Discriminative Filters for Specific Degradations in Blind Super-Resolutioncited by 26
  12. 2022Efficient Non-Local Contrastive Attention for Image Super-Resolutioncited by 25
  13. 2023Diffusion-based Blind Text Image Super-Resolutioncited by 25
  14. 2024Unveiling Hidden Details: A RAW Data-Enhanced Paradigm for Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 25
  15. 2022SCS-Co: Self-Consistent Style Contrastive Learning for Image Harmonizationcited by 24
  16. 2023Learning Generative Structure Prior for Blind Text Image Super-resolutioncited by 24
  17. 2024MWFormer: Multi-Weather Image Restoration Using Degradation-Aware Transformerscited by 24
  18. 2024You Only Need One Step: Fast Super-Resolution with Stable Diffusion via Scale Distillationcited by 23
  19. 2022A Closer Look at Blind Super-Resolution: Degradation Models, Baselines, and Performance Upper Boundscited by 22
  20. 2022Unpaired Deep Image Dehazing Using Contrastive Disentanglement Learningcited by 21
  21. 2023Crafting Training Degradation Distribution for the Accuracy-Generalization Trade-off in Real-World Super-Resolutioncited by 21
  22. 2023All-in-one Multi-degradation Image Restoration Network via Hierarchical Degradation Representationcited by 21
  23. 2021Discovering Distinctive "Semantics" in Super-Resolution Networkscited by 20
  24. 2022HST: Hierarchical Swin Transformer for Compressed Image Super-resolutioncited by 20
  25. 2023Human Guided Ground-truth Generation for Realistic Image Super-resolutioncited by 20
  26. 2023Generalizing Event-Based Motion Deblurring in Real-World Scenarioscited by 20
  27. 2021A Systematic Survey of Deep Learning-based Single-Image Super-Resolutioncited by 19
  28. 2022Self-Supervised Learning for Real-World Super-Resolution from Dual Zoomed Observationscited by 19
  29. 2022RepSR: Training Efficient VGG-style Super-Resolution Networks with Structural Re-Parameterization and Batch Normalizationcited by 19
  30. 2023Low-field magnetic resonance image enhancement via stochastic image quality transfercited by 19
  31. 2022Evaluating the Generalization Ability of Super-Resolution Networkscited by 18
  32. 2022Multi-scale frequency separation network for image deblurringcited by 18
  33. 2022KXNet: A Model-Driven Deep Neural Network for Blind Super-Resolutioncited by 18
  34. 2024Learning A Low-Level Vision Generalist via Visual Task Promptcited by 18
  35. 2023Rotation Equivariant Proximal Operator for Deep Unfolding Methods in Image Restorationcited by 17
  36. 2022From Face to Natural Image: Learning Real Degradation for Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 15
  37. 2024A Dynamic Kernel Prior Model for Unsupervised Blind Image Super-Resolutioncited by 15
  38. 2024Diff-Restorer: Unleashing Visual Prompts for Diffusion-based Universal Image Restorationcited by 15

50 most cited of 177 All 177 (JSON)