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Limited Data Emotional Voice Conversion Leveraging Text-to-Speech: Two-stage Sequence-to-Sequence Training

arXiv 2103.16809 ↗First posted 31 Mar 2021cs.CLcited by 17

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Abstract (arXiv)

Emotional voice conversion (EVC) aims to change the emotional state of an utterance while preserving the linguistic content and speaker identity. In this paper, we propose a novel 2-stage training strategy for sequence-to-sequence emotional voice conversion with a limited amount of emotional speech data. We note that the proposed EVC framework leverages text-to-speech (TTS) as they share a common goal that is to generate high-quality expressive voice. In stage 1, we perform style initialization with a multi-speaker TTS corpus, to disentangle speaking style and linguistic content. In stage 2, we perform emotion training with a limited amount of emotional speech data, to learn how to disentangle emotional style and linguistic information from the speech. The proposed framework can perform both spectrum and prosody conversion and achieves significant improvement over the state-of-the-art baselines in both objective and subjective evaluation.

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 Mar 2021.

Builds on

19 of 39 references.

References · 19

  1. 2014Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translatecited by 4,530
  2. 2017Tacotron: Towards End-to-End Speech Synthesiscited by 487
  3. 2018Efficient Neural Audio Synthesiscited by 218
  4. 2020Seen and Unseen emotional style transfer for voice conversion with a new emotional speech datasetcited by 119
  5. 2020An Overview of Voice Conversion and its Challenges: From Statistical Modeling to Deep Learningcited by 111
  6. 2017Parallel-Data-Free Voice Conversion Using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networkscited by 30
  7. 2020Expressive TTS Training with Frame and Style Reconstruction Losscited by 30
  8. 2020Transforming Spectrum and Prosody for Emotional Voice Conversion with Non-Parallel Training Datacited by 26
  9. 2019Non-Parallel Sequence-to-Sequence Voice Conversion with Disentangled Linguistic and Speaker Representationscited by 23
  10. 2018AttS2S-VC: Sequence-to-Sequence Voice Conversion with Attention and Context Preservation Mechanismscited by 22
  11. 2020Converting Anyone's Emotion: Towards Speaker-Independent Emotional Voice Conversioncited by 22
  12. 2018Sequence-to-Sequence Acoustic Modeling for Voice Conversioncited by 20
7 more
  1. 2020VAW-GAN for Disentanglement and Recomposition of Emotional Elements in Speechcited by 18
  2. 2018Nonparallel Emotional Speech Conversioncited by 17
  3. 2019Joint training framework for text-to-speech and voice conversion using multi-source Tacotron and WaveNetcited by 15
  4. 2019Emotional Voice Conversion using Multitask Learning with Text-to-speechcited by 15
  5. 2020Non-parallel Emotion Conversion using a Deep-Generative Hybrid Network and an Adversarial Pair Discriminatorcited by 12
  6. 2018Improving Sequence-to-Sequence Acoustic Modeling by Adding Text-Supervisioncited by 10
  7. 2020WaveTTS: Tacotron-based TTS with Joint Time-Frequency Domain Losscited by 2

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 5; 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 4.

17 papers.

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  1. 2021Emotional Voice Conversion: Theory, Databases and ESDcited by 113
  2. 2022Emotion Intensity and its Control for Emotional Voice Conversioncited by 35
  3. 2021Textless Speech Emotion Conversion using Discrete and Decomposed Representationscited by 29
  4. 2022Speech Synthesis with Mixed Emotionscited by 28
  5. 2023Nonparallel Emotional Voice Conversion For Unseen Speaker-Emotion Pairs Using Dual Domain Adversarial Network & Virtual Domain Pairingcited by 9
  6. 2022Disentangling Prosody Representations with Unsupervised Speech Reconstructioncited by 8
  7. 2024DurFlex-EVC: Duration-Flexible Emotional Voice Conversion Leveraging Discrete Representations without Text Alignmentcited by 8
  8. 2024Emotional Dimension Control in Language Model-Based Text-to-Speech: Spanning a Broad Spectrum of Human Emotionscited by 8
  9. 2022An Overview & Analysis of Sequence-to-Sequence Emotional Voice Conversioncited by 6
  10. 2022Emotion Selectable End-to-End Text-based Speech Editingcited by 3
  11. 2023Attention-based Interactive Disentangling Network for Instance-level Emotional Voice Conversioncited by 3
  12. 2025ClapFM-EVC: High-Fidelity and Flexible Emotional Voice Conversion with Dual Control from Natural Language and Speechcited by 3
5 more
  1. 2024EmoReg: Directional Latent Vector Modeling for Emotional Intensity Regularization in Diffusion-based Voice Conversioncited by 2
  2. 2025Towards Better Disentanglement in Non-Autoregressive Zero-Shot Expressive Voice Conversioncited by 2
  3. 2025Maestro-EVC: Controllable Emotional Voice Conversion Guided by References and Explicit Prosodycited by 1
  4. 2025Provable Speech Attributes Conversion via Latent Independencecited by 1
  5. 2024Making Social Platforms Accessible: Emotion-Aware Speech Generation with Integrated Text Analysiscited by 0