Multilingual Autoregressive Entity Linking
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present mGENRE, a sequence-to-sequence system for the Multilingual Entity Linking (MEL) problem -- the task of resolving language-specific mentions to a multilingual Knowledge Base (KB). For a mention in a given language, mGENRE predicts the name of the target entity left-to-right, token-by-token in an autoregressive fashion. The autoregressive formulation allows us to effectively cross-encode mention string and entity names to capture more interactions than the standard dot product between mention and entity vectors. It also enables fast search within a large KB even for mentions that do not appear in mention tables and with no need for large-scale vector indices. While prior MEL works use a single representation for each entity, we match against entity names of as many languages as possible, which allows exploiting language connections between source input and target name. Moreover, in a zero-shot setting on languages with no training data at all, mGENRE treats the target language as a latent variable that is marginalized at prediction time. This leads to over 50% improvements in average accuracy. We show the efficacy of our approach through extensive evaluation including experiments on three popular MEL benchmarks where mGENRE establishes new state-of-the-art results. Code and pre-trained models at https://github.com/facebookresearch/GENRE.
Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Mar 2021.
Builds on
27 of 55 references.
References · 27
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- 2021PAQ: 65 Million Probably-Asked Questions and What You Can Do With Themcited by 198
- 2019Learning to Retrieve Reasoning Paths over Wikipedia Graph for Question Answeringcited by 147
- 2016Learning End-to-End Goal-Oriented Dialogcited by 104
- 2019Scalable Zero-shot Entity Linking with Dense Entity Retrievalcited by 85
- 2017Deep Joint Entity Disambiguation with Local Neural Attentioncited by 79
- 2018Question Answering by Reasoning Across Documents with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 56
- 2020Entity Linking in 100 Languagescited by 52
- 2021NeurIPS 2020 EfficientQA Competition: Systems, Analyses and Lessons Learnedcited by 52
- 2019Revealing the Importance of Semantic Retrieval for Machine Reading at Scalecited by 50
- 2016Joint Learning of the Embedding of Words and Entities for Named Entity Disambiguationcited by 48
- 2020A Memory Efficient Baseline for Open Domain Question Answeringcited by 32
- 2017Hybrid Code Networks: practical and efficient end-to-end dialog control with supervised and reinforcement learningcited by 31
- 2017Neural Cross-Lingual Entity Linkingcited by 15
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- 2019Towards Zero-resource Cross-lingual Entity Linkingcited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 19; 2023: 14; 2024: 1; 2025: 4; 2026: 4.
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- 2023Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmapcited by 663
- 2021Editing Factual Knowledge in Language Modelscited by 548
- 2022Autoregressive Search Engines: Generating Substrings as Document Identifierscited by 112
- 2023Open-domain Visual Entity Recognition: Towards Recognizing Millions of Wikipedia Entitiescited by 112
- 2021GenIE: Generative Information Extractioncited by 53
- 2022Bridging the Gap Between Indexing and Retrieval for Differentiable Search Index with Query Generationcited by 47
- 2021One Question Answering Model for Many Languages with Cross-lingual Dense Passage Retrievalcited by 46
- 2022Multilingual Generative Language Models for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Event Argument Extractioncited by 40
- 2022MasakhaNER 2.0: Africa-centric Transfer Learning for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 38
- 2022Generative Biomedical Entity Linking via Knowledge Base-Guided Pre-training and Synonyms-Aware Fine-tuningcited by 34
- 2022An Open Challenge for Inductive Link Prediction on Knowledge Graphscited by 26
- 2021Dataset Geography: Mapping Language Data to Language Userscited by 22
38 more
- 2021Highly Parallel Autoregressive Entity Linking with Discriminative Correctioncited by 21
- 2022UniSAr: A Unified Structure-Aware Autoregressive Language Model for Text-to-SQLcited by 20
- 2023IRGen: Generative Modeling for Image Retrievalcited by 18
- 2024MKGL: Mastery of a Three-Word Languagecited by 17
- 2023TempEL: Linking Dynamically Evolving and Newly Emerging Entitiescited by 14
- 2023A Review on Knowledge Graphs for Healthcare: Resources, Applications, and Promisescited by 13
- 2022Detection, Disambiguation, Re-ranking: Autoregressive Entity Linking as a Multi-Task Problemcited by 11
- 2023Large Language Models Meet Knowledge Graphs to Answer Factoid Questionscited by 11
- 2021MOLEMAN: Mention-Only Linking of Entities with a Mention Annotation Networkcited by 10
- 2022Improving Candidate Retrieval with Entity Profile Generation for Wikidata Entity Linkingcited by 10
- 2022Do CoNLL-2003 Named Entity Taggers Still Work Well in 2023?cited by 9
- 2021Mind the Gap: Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval with Hierarchical Knowledge Enhancementcited by 8
- 2023AMELI: Enhancing Multimodal Entity Linking with Fine-Grained Attributescited by 8
- 2023Multilingual End to End Entity Linkingcited by 8
- 2022mOKB6: A Multilingual Open Knowledge Base Completion Benchmarkcited by 7
- 2021Multilingual Fact Linkingcited by 6
- 2022Data-Efficient Autoregressive Document Retrieval for Fact Verificationcited by 6
- 2026LELA: an LLM-based Entity Linking Approach with Zero-Shot Domain Adaptationcited by 6
- 2022Language Model Decoding as Likelihood-Utility Alignmentcited by 5
- 2023Search-Engine-augmented Dialogue Response Generation with Cheaply Supervised Query Productioncited by 4
- 2022Harnessing Knowledge and Reasoning for Human-Like Natural Language Generation: A Brief Reviewcited by 3
- 2022Strong Heuristics for Named Entity Linkingcited by 2
- 2022Hansel: A Chinese Few-Shot and Zero-Shot Entity Linking Benchmarkcited by 2
- 2023Exploring Partial Knowledge Base Inference in Biomedical Entity Linkingcited by 2
- 2023Biomedical Entity Linking with Triple-aware Pre-Trainingcited by 2
- 2023Answer Candidate Type Selection: Text-to-Text Language Model for Closed Book Question Answering Meets Knowledge Graphscited by 2
- 2025Musical Heritage Historical Entity Linkingcited by 2
- 2022Neural Retriever and Go Beyond: A Thesis Proposalcited by 1
- 2023Cross-Lingual Question Answering over Knowledge Base as Reading Comprehensioncited by 1
- 2023IXA/Cogcomp at SemEval-2023 Task 2: Context-enriched Multilingual Named Entity Recognition using Knowledge Basescited by 1
- 2025MERLIN: A Testbed for Multilingual Multimodal Entity Recognition and Linkingcited by 1
- 2022Discriminative Models Can Still Outperform Generative Models in Aspect Based Sentiment Analysiscited by 0
- 2022Building an Icelandic Entity Linking Corpuscited by 0
- 2025DISCIE -- Discriminative Closed Information Extractioncited by 0
- 2025Multi-level Mixture of Experts for Multimodal Entity Linkingcited by 0
- 2026Mapping Political-Elite Networks in Europe with a Multilingual Joint Entity-Relation Extraction Pipelinecited by 0
- 2026When Names Cross Scripts: A Source-Grounded Benchmark for Historical Entity Reconciliation in the Mongol Worldcited by 0
- 2026Think Before You Link: Rarity, Reasoning, and Retrieval in Multilingual Entity Linkingcited by 0
- 2026Think Before You Link: Rarity, Reasoning, and Retrieval in Multilingual Entity Linking9 Sep 2026
- 2026When Names Cross Scripts: A Source-Grounded Benchmark for Historical Entity Reconciliation in the Mongol World24 Aug 2026
- 2026Mapping Political-Elite Networks in Europe with a Multilingual Joint Entity-Relation Extraction Pipeline25 Jun 2026
- 2026LELA: an LLM-based Entity Linking Approach with Zero-Shot Domain Adaptation8 Jan 2026
- 2025MERLIN: A Testbed for Multilingual Multimodal Entity Recognition and Linking16 Oct 2025
- 2025DISCIE -- Discriminative Closed Information Extraction19 Jun 2025
- 2025Multi-level Mixture of Experts for Multimodal Entity Linking3 Jun 2025
- 2025Musical Heritage Historical Entity Linking13 Feb 2025
- 2024MKGL: Mastery of a Three-Word Language10 Oct 2024
- 2023Answer Candidate Type Selection: Text-to-Text Language Model for Closed Book Question Answering Meets Knowledge Graphs10 Oct 2023
- 2023Large Language Models Meet Knowledge Graphs to Answer Factoid Questions3 Oct 2023
- 2023Biomedical Entity Linking with Triple-aware Pre-Training28 Aug 2023
38 more
- 2023Multilingual End to End Entity Linking15 Jun 2023
- 2023Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap14 Jun 2023
- 2023A Review on Knowledge Graphs for Healthcare: Resources, Applications, and Promises7 Jun 2023
- 2023AMELI: Enhancing Multimodal Entity Linking with Fine-Grained Attributes24 May 2023
- 2023IXA/Cogcomp at SemEval-2023 Task 2: Context-enriched Multilingual Named Entity Recognition using Knowledge Bases20 Apr 2023
- 2023Exploring Partial Knowledge Base Inference in Biomedical Entity Linking18 Mar 2023
- 2023IRGen: Generative Modeling for Image Retrieval17 Mar 2023
- 2023Cross-Lingual Question Answering over Knowledge Base as Reading Comprehension26 Feb 2023
- 2023Open-domain Visual Entity Recognition: Towards Recognizing Millions of Wikipedia Entities22 Feb 2023
- 2023Search-Engine-augmented Dialogue Response Generation with Cheaply Supervised Query Production16 Feb 2023
- 2023TempEL: Linking Dynamically Evolving and Newly Emerging Entities5 Feb 2023
- 2022Do CoNLL-2003 Named Entity Taggers Still Work Well in 2023?19 Dec 2022
- 2022Harnessing Knowledge and Reasoning for Human-Like Natural Language Generation: A Brief Review7 Dec 2022
- 2022Data-Efficient Autoregressive Document Retrieval for Fact Verification17 Nov 2022
- 2022mOKB6: A Multilingual Open Knowledge Base Completion Benchmark13 Nov 2022
- 2022MasakhaNER 2.0: Africa-centric Transfer Learning for Named Entity Recognition22 Oct 2022
- 2022Language Model Decoding as Likelihood-Utility Alignment13 Oct 2022
- 2022Hansel: A Chinese Few-Shot and Zero-Shot Entity Linking Benchmark26 Jul 2022
- 2022Strong Heuristics for Named Entity Linking6 Jul 2022
- 2022Bridging the Gap Between Indexing and Retrieval for Differentiable Search Index with Query Generation21 Jun 2022
- 2022Building an Icelandic Entity Linking Corpus10 Jun 2022
- 2022Discriminative Models Can Still Outperform Generative Models in Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis6 Jun 2022
- 2022Neural Retriever and Go Beyond: A Thesis Proposal31 May 2022
- 2022Autoregressive Search Engines: Generating Substrings as Document Identifiers22 Apr 2022
- 2022Detection, Disambiguation, Re-ranking: Autoregressive Entity Linking as a Multi-Task Problem12 Apr 2022
- 2022Generative Biomedical Entity Linking via Knowledge Base-Guided Pre-training and Synonyms-Aware Fine-tuning11 Apr 2022
- 2022Multilingual Generative Language Models for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Event Argument Extraction15 Mar 2022
- 2022UniSAr: A Unified Structure-Aware Autoregressive Language Model for Text-to-SQL15 Mar 2022
- 2022An Open Challenge for Inductive Link Prediction on Knowledge Graphs3 Mar 2022
- 2022Improving Candidate Retrieval with Entity Profile Generation for Wikidata Entity Linking27 Feb 2022
- 2021Mind the Gap: Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval with Hierarchical Knowledge Enhancement27 Dec 2021
- 2021GenIE: Generative Information Extraction15 Dec 2021
- 2021Dataset Geography: Mapping Language Data to Language Users7 Dec 2021
- 2021Multilingual Fact Linking29 Sep 2021
- 2021Highly Parallel Autoregressive Entity Linking with Discriminative Correction8 Sep 2021
- 2021One Question Answering Model for Many Languages with Cross-lingual Dense Passage Retrieval26 Jul 2021
- 2021MOLEMAN: Mention-Only Linking of Entities with a Mention Annotation Network2 Jun 2021
- 2021Editing Factual Knowledge in Language Models16 Apr 2021
- 2023Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmapcited by 663
- 2021Editing Factual Knowledge in Language Modelscited by 548
- 2022Autoregressive Search Engines: Generating Substrings as Document Identifierscited by 112
- 2023Open-domain Visual Entity Recognition: Towards Recognizing Millions of Wikipedia Entitiescited by 112
- 2021GenIE: Generative Information Extractioncited by 53
- 2022Bridging the Gap Between Indexing and Retrieval for Differentiable Search Index with Query Generationcited by 47
- 2021One Question Answering Model for Many Languages with Cross-lingual Dense Passage Retrievalcited by 46
- 2022Multilingual Generative Language Models for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Event Argument Extractioncited by 40
- 2022MasakhaNER 2.0: Africa-centric Transfer Learning for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 38
- 2022Generative Biomedical Entity Linking via Knowledge Base-Guided Pre-training and Synonyms-Aware Fine-tuningcited by 34
- 2022An Open Challenge for Inductive Link Prediction on Knowledge Graphscited by 26
- 2021Dataset Geography: Mapping Language Data to Language Userscited by 22
12 most cited of 49 All 49 (JSON)
- 2026When Names Cross Scripts: A Source-Grounded Benchmark for Historical Entity Reconciliation in the Mongol World24 Aug 2026
- 2026Mapping Political-Elite Networks in Europe with a Multilingual Joint Entity-Relation Extraction Pipeline25 Jun 2026
- 2026LELA: an LLM-based Entity Linking Approach with Zero-Shot Domain Adaptation8 Jan 2026
- 2025MERLIN: A Testbed for Multilingual Multimodal Entity Recognition and Linking16 Oct 2025
- 2025DISCIE -- Discriminative Closed Information Extraction19 Jun 2025
- 2025Multi-level Mixture of Experts for Multimodal Entity Linking3 Jun 2025
- 2025Musical Heritage Historical Entity Linking13 Feb 2025
- 2024MKGL: Mastery of a Three-Word Language10 Oct 2024
- 2023Answer Candidate Type Selection: Text-to-Text Language Model for Closed Book Question Answering Meets Knowledge Graphs10 Oct 2023
- 2023Large Language Models Meet Knowledge Graphs to Answer Factoid Questions3 Oct 2023
- 2023Biomedical Entity Linking with Triple-aware Pre-Training28 Aug 2023
- 2023Multilingual End to End Entity Linking15 Jun 2023
12 newest of 49 All 49 (JSON)