mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Hybrid Code Networks: practical and efficient end-to-end dialog control with supervised and reinforcement learning

arXiv 1702.03274 ↗First posted 10 Feb 2017cs.AI cs.CLcited by 31

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Abstract (arXiv)

End-to-end learning of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) is an attractive solution for dialog systems; however, current techniques are data-intensive and require thousands of dialogs to learn simple behaviors. We introduce Hybrid Code Networks (HCNs), which combine an RNN with domain-specific knowledge encoded as software and system action templates. Compared to existing end-to-end approaches, HCNs considerably reduce the amount of training data required, while retaining the key benefit of inferring a latent representation of dialog state. In addition, HCNs can be optimized with supervised learning, reinforcement learning, or a mixture of both. HCNs attain state-of-the-art performance on the bAbI dialog dataset, and outperform two commercially deployed customer-facing dialog systems.

Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Feb 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2019: 1; 2020: 0; 2021: 17; 2022: 4; 2023: 5; 2024: 2; 2025: 2.

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  1. 2021Recent Advances in Deep Learning Based Dialogue Systems: A Systematic Surveycited by 130
  2. 2021Action-Based Conversations Dataset: A Corpus for Building More In-Depth Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 73
  3. 2023Are LLMs All You Need for Task-Oriented Dialogue?cited by 52
  4. 2021Multilingual Autoregressive Entity Linkingcited by 50
  5. 2025Process-Supervised Reinforcement Learning for Code Generationcited by 21
  6. 2023End-to-end Task-oriented Dialogue: A Survey of Tasks, Methods, and Future Directionscited by 17
  7. 2021Reference-Centric Models for Grounded Collaborative Dialoguecited by 15
  8. 2021Alexa Conversations: An Extensible Data-driven Approach for Building Task-oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 14
  9. 2023Reinforcement Learning for Generative AI: A Surveycited by 11
  10. 2022CGoDial: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Chinese Goal-oriented Dialog Evaluationcited by 9
  11. 2021A Cooperative Memory Network for Personalized Task-oriented Dialogue Systems with Incomplete User Profilescited by 8
  12. 2021Can I Be of Further Assistance? Using Unstructured Knowledge Access to Improve Task-oriented Conversational Modelingcited by 8
19 more
  1. 2021Faster Deep Reinforcement Learning with Slower Online Networkcited by 7
  2. 2023Conversational Tree Search: A New Hybrid Dialog Taskcited by 7
  3. 2021A Student-Teacher Architecture for Dialog Domain Adaptation under the Meta-Learning Settingcited by 5
  4. 2019A Modular Task-oriented Dialogue System Using a Neural Mixture-of-Expertscited by 4
  5. 2024Towards a Zero-Data, Controllable, Adaptive Dialog Systemcited by 4
  6. 2021Towards Zero and Few-shot Knowledge-seeking Turn Detection in Task-orientated Dialogue Systemscited by 3
  7. 2021SYNERGY: Building Task Bots at Scale Using Symbolic Knowledge and Machine Teachingcited by 3
  8. 2021Task-oriented Dialogue Systems: performance vs. quality-optima, a reviewcited by 3
  9. 2022Neuro-Symbolic Visual Dialogcited by 3
  10. 2021How to Evaluate Your Dialogue Models: A Review of Approachescited by 2
  11. 2021Physics-informed Evolutionary Strategy based Control for Mitigating Delayed Voltage Recoverycited by 2
  12. 2025Prior Lessons of Incremental Dialogue and Robot Action Management for the Age of Language Modelscited by 2
  13. 2021Training like Playing: A Reinforcement Learning And Knowledge Graph-based framework for building Automatic Consultation System in Medical Fieldcited by 1
  14. 2022Taming Continuous Posteriors for Latent Variational Dialogue Policiescited by 1
  15. 2021A Neural Conversation Generation Model via Equivalent Shared Memory Investigationcited by 0
  16. 2021Every time I fire a conversational designer, the performance of the dialog system goes downcited by 0
  17. 2022Reinforcement Learning of Multi-Domain Dialog Policies Via Action Embeddingscited by 0
  18. 2023DiQAD: A Benchmark Dataset for End-to-End Open-domain Dialogue Assessmentcited by 0
  19. 2024Many Hands Make Light Work: Task-Oriented Dialogue System with Module-Based Mixture-of-Expertscited by 0