Combining Events and Frames using Recurrent Asynchronous Multimodal Networks for Monocular Depth Prediction
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Abstract (arXiv)
Event cameras are novel vision sensors that report per-pixel brightness changes as a stream of asynchronous "events". They offer significant advantages compared to standard cameras due to their high temporal resolution, high dynamic range and lack of motion blur. However, events only measure the varying component of the visual signal, which limits their ability to encode scene context. By contrast, standard cameras measure absolute intensity frames, which capture a much richer representation of the scene. Both sensors are thus complementary. However, due to the asynchronous nature of events, combining them with synchronous images remains challenging, especially for learning-based methods. This is because traditional recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are not designed for asynchronous and irregular data from additional sensors. To address this challenge, we introduce Recurrent Asynchronous Multimodal (RAM) networks, which generalize traditional RNNs to handle asynchronous and irregular data from multiple sensors. Inspired by traditional RNNs, RAM networks maintain a hidden state that is updated asynchronously and can be queried at any time to generate a prediction. We apply this novel architecture to monocular depth estimation with events and frames where we show an improvement over state-of-the-art methods by up to 30% in terms of mean absolute depth error. To enable further research on multimodal learning with events, we release EventScape, a new dataset with events, intensity frames, semantic labels, and depth maps recorded in the CARLA simulator.
Key facts. Cited by 88 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Feb 2021.
Builds on
27 of 48 references.
References · 27
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
- 2018Neural Ordinary Differential Equationscited by 3,733
- 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
- 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,264
- 2019Event-based Vision: A Surveycited by 1,010
- 2017Multimodal Machine Learning: A Survey and Taxonomycited by 1,004
- 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 731
- 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 721
- 2014Predicting Depth, Surface Normals and Semantic Labels with a Common Multi-Scale Convolutional Architecturecited by 483
- 2019High Speed and High Dynamic Range Video with an Event Cameracited by 344
- 2018Unsupervised Event-based Learning of Optical Flow, Depth, and Egomotioncited by 304
15 more
- 2018The Multi Vehicle Stereo Event Camera Dataset: An Event Camera Dataset for 3D Perceptioncited by 251
- 2019End-to-End Learning of Representations for Asynchronous Event-Based Datacited by 216
- 2017Learning Depth from Monocular Videos using Direct Methodscited by 154
- 2017Ultimate SLAM? Combining Events, Images, and IMU for Robust Visual SLAM in HDR and High Speed Scenarioscited by 150
- 2018Bringing a Blurry Frame Alive at High Frame-Rate with an Event Cameracited by 141
- 2018Asynchronous, Photometric Feature Tracking using Events and Framescited by 118
- 2016Phased LSTM: Accelerating Recurrent Network Training for Long or Event-based Sequencescited by 98
- 2018EV-SegNet: Semantic Segmentation for Event-based Camerascited by 92
- 2020Learning Monocular Dense Depth from Eventscited by 84
- 2018Continuous-time Intensity Estimation Using Event Camerascited by 67
- 2020DDD20 End-to-End Event Camera Driving Dataset: Fusing Frames and Events with Deep Learning for Improved Steering Predictioncited by 56
- 2016Event-based, 6-DOF Camera Tracking from Photometric Depth Mapscited by 54
- 2019Dense Depth Estimation in Monocular Endoscopy with Self-supervised Learning Methodscited by 45
- 2016Convolutional Gated Recurrent Networks for Video Segmentationcited by 27
- 2017Augmented Reality for Depth Cues in Monocular Minimally Invasive Surgerycited by 1
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 16; 2023: 21; 2024: 12; 2025: 15; 2026: 17.
88 papers.
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- 2022CMX: Cross-Modal Fusion for RGB-X Semantic Segmentation with Transformerscited by 229
- 2023Delivering Arbitrary-Modal Semantic Segmentationcited by 115
- 2022Event-aided Direct Sparse Odometrycited by 91
- 2023Deep Learning for Event-based Vision: A Comprehensive Survey and Benchmarkscited by 90
- 2021VISTA 2.0: An Open, Data-driven Simulator for Multimodal Sensing and Policy Learning for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 81
- 2022ESS: Learning Event-based Semantic Segmentation from Still Imagescited by 81
- 2021E2(GO)MOTION: Motion Augmented Event Stream for Egocentric Action Recognitioncited by 50
- 2022Event Transformer. A sparse-aware solution for efficient event data processingcited by 48
- 2023Hierarchical Neural Memory Network for Low Latency Event Processingcited by 45
- 2023SODFormer: Streaming Object Detection with Transformer Using Events and Framescited by 39
- 2021Dual Transfer Learning for Event-based End-task Prediction via Pluggable Event to Image Translationcited by 31
- 2022EVIMO2: An Event Camera Dataset for Motion Segmentation, Optical Flow, Structure from Motion, and Visual Inertial Odometry in Indoor Scenes with Monocular or Stereo Algorithmscited by 31
38 more
- 2023CMDA: Cross-Modality Domain Adaptation for Nighttime Semantic Segmentationcited by 30
- 2024Embracing Events and Frames with Hierarchical Feature Refinement Network for Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2021Event-guided Deblurring of Unknown Exposure Time Videoscited by 25
- 2021Exploring Event-driven Dynamic Context for Accident Scene Segmentationcited by 22
- 2022SELMA: SEmantic Large-scale Multimodal Acquisitions in Variable Weather, Daytime and Viewpointscited by 22
- 2023Event Camera Data Dense Pre-trainingcited by 21
- 2023EVEN: An Event-Based Framework for Monocular Depth Estimation at Adverse Night Conditionscited by 19
- 2022Emergent Visual Sensors for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 18
- 2023Neuromorphic Event-based Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 18
- 2023Event-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 17
- 2021Lifting Monocular Events to 3D Human Posescited by 16
- 2024EventHDR: from Event to High-Speed HDR Videos and Beyondcited by 16
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
- 2021Event Guided Depth Sensingcited by 14
- 2022Event Transformer+. A multi-purpose solution for efficient event data processingcited by 13
- 2022Event-based Monocular Dense Depth Estimation with Recurrent Transformerscited by 13
- 2023Deep Visual Odometry with Events and Framescited by 13
- 2024EvLight++: Low-Light Video Enhancement with an Event Camera: A Large-Scale Real-World Dataset, Novel Method, and Morecited by 13
- 2025Depth AnyEvent: A Cross-Modal Distillation Paradigm for Event-Based Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 13
- 2022Data-Driven Feature Tracking for Event Cameras With and Without Framescited by 12
- 2023RGB-D And Thermal Sensor Fusion: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 12
- 2022A Survey on RGB-D Datasetscited by 11
- 2022FE-Fusion-VPR: Attention-based Multi-Scale Network Architecture for Visual Place Recognition by Fusing Frames and Eventscited by 11
- 2023SRFNet: Monocular Depth Estimation with Fine-grained Structure via Spatial Reliability-oriented Fusion of Frames and Eventscited by 11
- 2022Event-Based Dense Reconstruction Pipelinecited by 10
- 2024FlexEvent: Towards Flexible Event-Frame Object Detection at Varying Operational Frequenciescited by 10
- 2023EV-MGRFlowNet: Motion-Guided Recurrent Network for Unsupervised Event-based Optical Flow with Hybrid Motion-Compensation Losscited by 9
- 2023EVI-SAM: Robust, Real-time, Tightly-coupled Event-Visual-Inertial State Estimation and 3D Dense Mappingcited by 9
- 2023Neuromorphic High-Frequency 3D Dancing Pose Estimation in Dynamic Environmentcited by 8
- 2025Adaptive Event Stream Slicing for Open-Vocabulary Event-Based Object Detection via Vision-Language Knowledge Distillationcited by 8
- 2024Finding Meaning in Points: Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation for Event Camerascited by 6
- 2024CoSEC: A Coaxial Stereo Event Camera Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
- 2022Self-Supervised Intensity-Event Stereo Matchingcited by 5
- 2023Learning to Estimate Two Dense Depths from LiDAR and Event Datacited by 5
- 2023Bimodal SegNet: Instance Segmentation Fusing Events and RGB Frames for Robotic Graspingcited by 5
- 2024PCDepth: Pattern-based Complementary Learning for Monocular Depth Estimation by Best of Both Worldscited by 5
- 2024SGE: Structured Light System Based on Gray Code with an Event Cameracited by 5
- 2025Event-Driven Dynamic Scene Depth Completioncited by 5
50 most cited of 88 All 88 (JSON)
- 2026SFE-VGGT: Source-Free VGGT Distillation for Event-Based Monocular Depth Estimation29 Sep 2026
- 2026DAPEVO: Deep Adaptive Patch Frame-Event Visual Odometry25 Sep 2026
- 2026LiFR v2: Completion-Augmented Event Propagation for High-Rate Dense Prediction22 Sep 2026
- 2026CrossFeat: Bridging Imaging Modalities in Feature Descriptor Space31 Aug 2026
- 2026LiteEvent-AE: Lightweight Autoencoder for Event-Based Vision on Low-Latency Energy-Constrained Edge Devices22 Aug 2026
- 2026Event ActivityNet: A Large-Scale Simulated-Event Benchmark for Untrimmed Action Understanding3 Aug 2026
- 2026Neuromorphic Object Detection: An In-Depth Study and Future Directions26 Jul 2026
- 2026CMTFormer: Marrying Transformer with Hierarchical Information Interaction for RGB-Event Object Detection28 Jun 2026
- 2026EventDrive: Event Cameras for Vision-Language Driving Intelligence16 Jun 2026
- 2026NeuroLiDAR: Adaptive Frame Rate Depth Sensing via Neuromorphic Event-LiDAR Fusion16 May 2026
- 2026Neuromorphic Monocular Depth Estimation with Uncertainty Modeling11 May 2026
- 2026InterFuserDVS: Event-Enhanced Sensor Fusion for Safe RL-Based Decision Making5 May 2026
38 more
- 2026REALM: An RGB- and Event-Aligned Latent Manifold for Cross-Modal Perception30 Apr 2026
- 2026Generative Event Pretraining with Foundation Model Alignment24 Mar 2026
- 2026EventVGGT: Exploring Cross-Modal Distillation for Consistent Event-based Depth Estimation10 Mar 2026
- 2026TAPFormer: Robust Arbitrary Point Tracking via Transient Asynchronous Fusion of Frames and Events5 Mar 2026
- 2026Adapting Depth Anything to Adverse Imaging Conditions with Events5 Jan 2026
- 2025EvtSlowTV -- A Large and Diverse Dataset for Event-Based Depth Estimation4 Nov 2025
- 2025Adaptive Event Stream Slicing for Open-Vocabulary Event-Based Object Detection via Vision-Language Knowledge Distillation1 Oct 2025
- 2025Fast Feature Field (F3): A Predictive Representation of Events29 Sep 2025
- 2025Depth AnyEvent: A Cross-Modal Distillation Paradigm for Event-Based Monocular Depth Estimation18 Sep 2025
- 2025OmniSegmentor: A Flexible Multi-Modal Learning Framework for Semantic Segmentation18 Sep 2025
- 2025TESPEC: Temporally-Enhanced Self-Supervised Pretraining for Event Cameras29 Jul 2025
- 2025UniCT Depth: Event-Image Fusion Based Monocular Depth Estimation with Convolution-Compensated ViT Dual SA Block26 Jul 2025
- 2025EA: An Event Autoencoder for High-Speed Vision Sensing9 Jul 2025
- 2025Radar and Event Camera Fusion for Agile Robot Ego-Motion Estimation23 Jun 2025
- 2025Event-Driven Dynamic Scene Depth Completion19 May 2025
- 2025A Survey of 3D Reconstruction with Event Cameras13 May 2025
- 2025RGB-Event Fusion with Self-Attention for Collision Prediction7 May 2025
- 2025DELTA: Dense Depth from Events and LiDAR using Transformer's Attention5 May 2025
- 2025FUSE: Label-Free Image-Event Joint Monocular Depth Estimation via Frequency-Decoupled Alignment and Degradation-Robust Fusion25 Mar 2025
- 2025Spatially-guided Temporal Aggregation for Robust Event-RGB Optical Flow Estimation1 Jan 2025
- 2024FlexEvent: Towards Flexible Event-Frame Object Detection at Varying Operational Frequencies9 Dec 2024
- 2024Enhancing SNN-based Spatio-Temporal Learning: A Benchmark Dataset and Cross-Modality Attention Model21 Oct 2024
- 2024Steering Prediction via a Multi-Sensor System for Autonomous Racing28 Sep 2024
- 2024BlinkTrack: Feature Tracking over 80 FPS via Events and Images26 Sep 2024
- 2024EventHDR: from Event to High-Speed HDR Videos and Beyond25 Sep 2024
- 2024EvLight++: Low-Light Video Enhancement with an Event Camera: A Large-Scale Real-World Dataset, Novel Method, and More29 Aug 2024
- 2024CoSEC: A Coaxial Stereo Event Camera Dataset for Autonomous Driving16 Aug 2024
- 2024Embracing Events and Frames with Hierarchical Feature Refinement Network for Object Detection17 Jul 2024
- 2024Finding Meaning in Points: Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation for Event Cameras15 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Survey28 Jun 2024
- 2024SGE: Structured Light System Based on Gray Code with an Event Camera12 Mar 2024
- 2024PCDepth: Pattern-based Complementary Learning for Monocular Depth Estimation by Best of Both Worlds29 Feb 2024
- 2023EvPlug: Learn a Plug-and-Play Module for Event and Image Fusion28 Dec 2023
- 2023EVI-SAM: Robust, Real-time, Tightly-coupled Event-Visual-Inertial State Estimation and 3D Dense Mapping19 Dec 2023
- 2023Event Camera Data Dense Pre-training20 Nov 2023
- 2023In the Blink of an Eye: Event-based Emotion Recognition6 Oct 2023
- 2023SRFNet: Monocular Depth Estimation with Fine-grained Structure via Spatial Reliability-oriented Fusion of Frames and Events22 Sep 2023
- 2023Deep Visual Odometry with Events and Frames18 Sep 2023
50 newest of 88 All 88 (JSON)
- 2022CMX: Cross-Modal Fusion for RGB-X Semantic Segmentation with Transformerscited by 229
- 2023Delivering Arbitrary-Modal Semantic Segmentationcited by 115
- 2022Event-aided Direct Sparse Odometrycited by 91
- 2023Deep Learning for Event-based Vision: A Comprehensive Survey and Benchmarkscited by 90
- 2021VISTA 2.0: An Open, Data-driven Simulator for Multimodal Sensing and Policy Learning for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 81
- 2022ESS: Learning Event-based Semantic Segmentation from Still Imagescited by 81
- 2021E2(GO)MOTION: Motion Augmented Event Stream for Egocentric Action Recognitioncited by 50
- 2022Event Transformer. A sparse-aware solution for efficient event data processingcited by 48
- 2023Hierarchical Neural Memory Network for Low Latency Event Processingcited by 45
- 2023SODFormer: Streaming Object Detection with Transformer Using Events and Framescited by 39
- 2021Dual Transfer Learning for Event-based End-task Prediction via Pluggable Event to Image Translationcited by 31
- 2022EVIMO2: An Event Camera Dataset for Motion Segmentation, Optical Flow, Structure from Motion, and Visual Inertial Odometry in Indoor Scenes with Monocular or Stereo Algorithmscited by 31
12 most cited of 86 All 86 (JSON)
- 2026SFE-VGGT: Source-Free VGGT Distillation for Event-Based Monocular Depth Estimation29 Sep 2026
- 2026DAPEVO: Deep Adaptive Patch Frame-Event Visual Odometry25 Sep 2026
- 2026LiFR v2: Completion-Augmented Event Propagation for High-Rate Dense Prediction22 Sep 2026
- 2026CrossFeat: Bridging Imaging Modalities in Feature Descriptor Space31 Aug 2026
- 2026LiteEvent-AE: Lightweight Autoencoder for Event-Based Vision on Low-Latency Energy-Constrained Edge Devices22 Aug 2026
- 2026Event ActivityNet: A Large-Scale Simulated-Event Benchmark for Untrimmed Action Understanding3 Aug 2026
- 2026Neuromorphic Object Detection: An In-Depth Study and Future Directions26 Jul 2026
- 2026CMTFormer: Marrying Transformer with Hierarchical Information Interaction for RGB-Event Object Detection28 Jun 2026
- 2026NeuroLiDAR: Adaptive Frame Rate Depth Sensing via Neuromorphic Event-LiDAR Fusion16 May 2026
- 2026Neuromorphic Monocular Depth Estimation with Uncertainty Modeling11 May 2026
- 2026InterFuserDVS: Event-Enhanced Sensor Fusion for Safe RL-Based Decision Making5 May 2026
- 2026REALM: An RGB- and Event-Aligned Latent Manifold for Cross-Modal Perception30 Apr 2026
12 newest of 86 All 86 (JSON)