mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Neural Inverse Text Normalization

arXiv 2102.06380 ↗First posted 12 Feb 2021cs.CL eess.AScited by 19

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Abstract (arXiv)

While there have been several contributions exploring state of the art techniques for text normalization, the problem of inverse text normalization (ITN) remains relatively unexplored. The best known approaches leverage finite state transducer (FST) based models which rely on manually curated rules and are hence not scalable. We propose an efficient and robust neural solution for ITN leveraging transformer based seq2seq models and FST-based text normalization techniques for data preparation. We show that this can be easily extended to other languages without the need for a linguistic expert to manually curate them. We then present a hybrid framework for integrating Neural ITN with an FST to overcome common recoverable errors in production environments. Our empirical evaluations show that the proposed solution minimizes incorrect perturbations (insertions, deletions and substitutions) to ASR output and maintains high quality even on out of domain data. A transformer based model infused with pretraining consistently achieves a lower WER across several datasets and is able to outperform baselines on English, Spanish, German and Italian datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Feb 2021.

Builds on

15 of 22 references.

References · 15

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
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  11. 2016RNN Approaches to Text Normalization: A Challengecited by 30
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3 more
  1. 2020Improving Readability for Automatic Speech Recognition Transcriptioncited by 22
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 4; 2023: 5; 2024: 2; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.

19 papers.

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  1. 2021SPGISpeech: 5,000 hours of transcribed financial audio for fully formatted end-to-end speech recognitioncited by 77
  2. 2021NeMo Inverse Text Normalization: From Development To Productioncited by 28
  3. 2022Shallow Fusion of Weighted Finite-State Transducer and Language Model for Text Normalizationcited by 8
  4. 2023Unified model for code-switching speech recognition and language identification based on a concatenated tokenizercited by 8
  5. 2021A Unified Transformer-based Framework for Duplex Text Normalizationcited by 6
  6. 2022Four-in-One: A Joint Approach to Inverse Text Normalization, Punctuation, Capitalization, and Disfluency for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 5
  7. 2022Thutmose Tagger: Single-pass neural model for Inverse Text Normalizationcited by 4
  8. 2022Streaming, fast and accurate on-device Inverse Text Normalization for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 3
  9. 2023Adapting an Unadaptable ASR Systemcited by 3
  10. 2024Sentence-wise Speech Summarization: Task, Datasets, and End-to-End Modeling with LM Knowledge Distillationcited by 3
  11. 2025AdaCS: Adaptive Normalization for Enhanced Code-Switching ASRcited by 2
  12. 2023End-to-end Joint Punctuated and Normalized ASR with a Limited Amount of Punctuated Training Datacited by 1
7 more
  1. 2025Dynamic Context-Aware Streaming Pretrained Language Model For Inverse Text Normalizationcited by 1
  2. 2021Zero-Shot Joint Modeling of Multiple Spoken-Text-Style Conversion Tasks using Switching Tokenscited by 0
  3. 2023Language Agnostic Data-Driven Inverse Text Normalizationcited by 0
  4. 2023Improving Robustness of Neural Inverse Text Normalization via Data-Augmentation, Semi-Supervised Learning, and Post-Aligning Methodcited by 0
  5. 2024Positional Description for Numerical Normalizationcited by 0
  6. 2026Dual-Form ASR: Semantics-Aware Inverse Text Normalization for Chinese Speech Recognitioncited by 0
  7. 2026THA: Weighted Finite-State Text Normalization and Inverse Text Normalization for Khmercited by 0