Improving Readability for Automatic Speech Recognition Transcription
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Abstract (arXiv)
Modern Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems can achieve high performance in terms of recognition accuracy. However, a perfectly accurate transcript still can be challenging to read due to grammatical errors, disfluency, and other errata common in spoken communication. Many downstream tasks and human readers rely on the output of the ASR system; therefore, errors introduced by the speaker and ASR system alike will be propagated to the next task in the pipeline. In this work, we propose a novel NLP task called ASR post-processing for readability (APR) that aims to transform the noisy ASR output into a readable text for humans and downstream tasks while maintaining the semantic meaning of the speaker. In addition, we describe a method to address the lack of task-specific data by synthesizing examples for the APR task using the datasets collected for Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) followed by text-to-speech (TTS) and ASR. Furthermore, we propose metrics borrowed from similar tasks to evaluate performance on the APR task. We compare fine-tuned models based on several open-sourced and adapted pre-trained models with the traditional pipeline method. Our results suggest that finetuned models improve the performance on the APR task significantly, hinting at the potential benefits of using APR systems. We hope that the read, understand, and rewrite approach of our work can serve as a basis that many NLP tasks and human readers can benefit from.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Apr 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 4; 2023: 4; 2024: 6; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
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- 2023Generative Speech Recognition Error Correction with Large Language Models and Task-Activating Promptingcited by 71
- 2021FastCorrect: Fast Error Correction with Edit Alignment for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 43
- 2021FastCorrect 2: Fast Error Correction on Multiple Candidates for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 27
- 2021Neural Inverse Text Normalizationcited by 19
- 2022Mask the Correct Tokens: An Embarrassingly Simple Approach for Error Correctioncited by 10
- 2022SoftCorrect: Error Correction with Soft Detection for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 9
- 2024Crossmodal ASR Error Correction with Discrete Speech Unitscited by 9
- 2022RED-ACE: Robust Error Detection for ASR using Confidence Embeddingscited by 8
- 2024Sonos Voice Control Bias Assessment Dataset: A Methodology for Demographic Bias Assessment in Voice Assistantscited by 6
- 2022Four-in-One: A Joint Approach to Inverse Text Normalization, Punctuation, Capitalization, and Disfluency for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 5
- 2024Toward Practical Automatic Speech Recognition and Post-Processing: a Call for Explainable Error Benchmark Guidelinecited by 4
- 2023PATCorrect: Non-autoregressive Phoneme-augmented Transformer for ASR Error Correctioncited by 3
10 more
- 2024Sentence-wise Speech Summarization: Task, Datasets, and End-to-End Modeling with LM Knowledge Distillationcited by 3
- 2024MathSpeech: Leveraging Small LMs for Accurate Conversion in Mathematical Speech-to-Formulacited by 3
- 2021Generating Human Readable Transcript for Automatic Speech Recognition with Pre-trained Language Modelcited by 2
- 2024Error Correction by Paying Attention to Both Acoustic and Confidence References for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 2
- 2023End-to-end Joint Punctuated and Normalized ASR with a Limited Amount of Punctuated Training Datacited by 1
- 2026AgenticASR: Refining Speech Recognition in Real-World Scenarios via an Agentic Approachcited by 1
- 2021Zero-Shot Joint Modeling of Multiple Spoken-Text-Style Conversion Tasks using Switching Tokenscited by 0
- 2023Improving Audio Caption Fluency with Automatic Error Correctioncited by 0
- 2025Boosting the Transferability of Audio Adversarial Examples with Acoustic Representation Optimizationcited by 0
- 2025ASR Error Correction in Low-Resource Burmese with Alignment-Enhanced Transformers using Phonetic Featurescited by 0
- 2026AgenticASR: Refining Speech Recognition in Real-World Scenarios via an Agentic Approach30 Jul 2026
- 2025ASR Error Correction in Low-Resource Burmese with Alignment-Enhanced Transformers using Phonetic Features26 Nov 2025
- 2025Boosting the Transferability of Audio Adversarial Examples with Acoustic Representation Optimization25 Mar 2025
- 2024MathSpeech: Leveraging Small LMs for Accurate Conversion in Mathematical Speech-to-Formula20 Dec 2024
- 2024Sentence-wise Speech Summarization: Task, Datasets, and End-to-End Modeling with LM Knowledge Distillation1 Aug 2024
- 2024Error Correction by Paying Attention to Both Acoustic and Confidence References for Automatic Speech Recognition29 Jun 2024
- 2024Crossmodal ASR Error Correction with Discrete Speech Units26 May 2024
- 2024Sonos Voice Control Bias Assessment Dataset: A Methodology for Demographic Bias Assessment in Voice Assistants14 May 2024
- 2024Toward Practical Automatic Speech Recognition and Post-Processing: a Call for Explainable Error Benchmark Guideline26 Jan 2024
- 2023End-to-end Joint Punctuated and Normalized ASR with a Limited Amount of Punctuated Training Data29 Nov 2023
- 2023Generative Speech Recognition Error Correction with Large Language Models and Task-Activating Prompting27 Sep 2023
- 2023Improving Audio Caption Fluency with Automatic Error Correction16 Jun 2023
10 more
- 2023PATCorrect: Non-autoregressive Phoneme-augmented Transformer for ASR Error Correction10 Feb 2023
- 2022SoftCorrect: Error Correction with Soft Detection for Automatic Speech Recognition2 Dec 2022
- 2022Mask the Correct Tokens: An Embarrassingly Simple Approach for Error Correction23 Nov 2022
- 2022Four-in-One: A Joint Approach to Inverse Text Normalization, Punctuation, Capitalization, and Disfluency for Automatic Speech Recognition26 Oct 2022
- 2022RED-ACE: Robust Error Detection for ASR using Confidence Embeddings14 Mar 2022
- 2021FastCorrect 2: Fast Error Correction on Multiple Candidates for Automatic Speech Recognition29 Sep 2021
- 2021Zero-Shot Joint Modeling of Multiple Spoken-Text-Style Conversion Tasks using Switching Tokens23 Jun 2021
- 2021FastCorrect: Fast Error Correction with Edit Alignment for Automatic Speech Recognition9 May 2021
- 2021Generating Human Readable Transcript for Automatic Speech Recognition with Pre-trained Language Model22 Feb 2021
- 2021Neural Inverse Text Normalization12 Feb 2021
- 2023Generative Speech Recognition Error Correction with Large Language Models and Task-Activating Promptingcited by 71
- 2021FastCorrect: Fast Error Correction with Edit Alignment for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 43
- 2021FastCorrect 2: Fast Error Correction on Multiple Candidates for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 27
- 2021Neural Inverse Text Normalizationcited by 19
- 2022Mask the Correct Tokens: An Embarrassingly Simple Approach for Error Correctioncited by 10
- 2022SoftCorrect: Error Correction with Soft Detection for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 9
- 2024Crossmodal ASR Error Correction with Discrete Speech Unitscited by 9
- 2022RED-ACE: Robust Error Detection for ASR using Confidence Embeddingscited by 8
- 2024Sonos Voice Control Bias Assessment Dataset: A Methodology for Demographic Bias Assessment in Voice Assistantscited by 6
- 2022Four-in-One: A Joint Approach to Inverse Text Normalization, Punctuation, Capitalization, and Disfluency for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 5
- 2024Toward Practical Automatic Speech Recognition and Post-Processing: a Call for Explainable Error Benchmark Guidelinecited by 4
- 2023PATCorrect: Non-autoregressive Phoneme-augmented Transformer for ASR Error Correctioncited by 3
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2025ASR Error Correction in Low-Resource Burmese with Alignment-Enhanced Transformers using Phonetic Features26 Nov 2025
- 2025Boosting the Transferability of Audio Adversarial Examples with Acoustic Representation Optimization25 Mar 2025
- 2024MathSpeech: Leveraging Small LMs for Accurate Conversion in Mathematical Speech-to-Formula20 Dec 2024
- 2024Sentence-wise Speech Summarization: Task, Datasets, and End-to-End Modeling with LM Knowledge Distillation1 Aug 2024
- 2024Error Correction by Paying Attention to Both Acoustic and Confidence References for Automatic Speech Recognition29 Jun 2024
- 2024Crossmodal ASR Error Correction with Discrete Speech Units26 May 2024
- 2024Sonos Voice Control Bias Assessment Dataset: A Methodology for Demographic Bias Assessment in Voice Assistants14 May 2024
- 2024Toward Practical Automatic Speech Recognition and Post-Processing: a Call for Explainable Error Benchmark Guideline26 Jan 2024
- 2023End-to-end Joint Punctuated and Normalized ASR with a Limited Amount of Punctuated Training Data29 Nov 2023
- 2023Generative Speech Recognition Error Correction with Large Language Models and Task-Activating Prompting27 Sep 2023
- 2023Improving Audio Caption Fluency with Automatic Error Correction16 Jun 2023
- 2023PATCorrect: Non-autoregressive Phoneme-augmented Transformer for ASR Error Correction10 Feb 2023
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)