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Hyperspectral Image Classification-Traditional to Deep Models: A Survey for Future Prospects

arXiv 2101.06116 ↗First posted 15 Jan 2021eess.IV cs.CVcited by 49

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Abstract (arXiv)

Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) has been extensively utilized in many real-life applications because it benefits from the detailed spectral information contained in each pixel. Notably, the complex characteristics i.e., the nonlinear relation among the captured spectral information and the corresponding object of HSI data make accurate classification challenging for traditional methods. In the last few years, Deep Learning (DL) has been substantiated as a powerful feature extractor that effectively addresses the nonlinear problems that appeared in a number of computer vision tasks. This prompts the deployment of DL for HSI classification (HSIC) which revealed good performance. This survey enlists a systematic overview of DL for HSIC and compared state-of-the-art strategies on the said topic. Primarily, we will encapsulate the main challenges of traditional machine learning for HSIC and then we will acquaint the superiority of DL to address these problems. This survey breakdown the state-of-the-art DL frameworks into spectral features, spatial features, and together spatial-spectral features to systematically analyze the achievements (future research directions as well) of these frameworks for HSIC. Moreover, we will consider the fact that DL requires a large number of labeled training examples whereas acquiring such a number for HSIC is challenging in terms of time and cost. Therefore, this survey discusses some strategies to improve the generalization performance of DL strategies which can provide some future guidelines.

Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 347 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Jan 2021.

Builds on

41 of 347 references.

References · 41

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29 more
  1. 2020Graph Convolutional Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 113
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 4; 2023: 8; 2024: 15; 2025: 14; 2026: 6.

49 papers.

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  1. 2022Multimodal Fusion Transformer for Remote Sensing Image Classificationcited by 61
  2. 2025MambaHSI: Spatial-Spectral Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 44
  3. 2024SpectralMamba: Efficient Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 36
  4. 2022Deep Hyperspectral Unmixing using Transformer Networkcited by 22
  5. 2024A Comprehensive Survey for Hyperspectral Image Classification: The Evolution from Conventional to Transformers and Mamba Modelscited by 19
  6. 2024Mamba-in-Mamba: Centralized Mamba-Cross-Scan in Tokenized Mamba Model for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 18
  7. 2024Pyramid Hierarchical Transformer for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 11
  8. 2024WaveMamba: Spatial-Spectral Wavelet Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 11
  9. 2024Multi-head Spatial-Spectral Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 10
  10. 2023Sharpend Cosine Similarity based Neural Network for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 7
  11. 2024Transformers Fusion across Disjoint Samples for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 7
  12. 2024Spatial and Spatial-Spectral Morphological Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 7
37 more
  1. 2022Attention Mechanism Meets with Hybrid Dense Network for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 6
  2. 2023Spatial Gated Multi-Layer Perceptron for Land Use and Land Cover Mappingcited by 6
  3. 2025Dual Classification Head Self-training Network for Cross-scene Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 6
  4. 20243D-Convolution Guided Spectral-Spatial Transformer for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 4
  5. 2025GreenHyperSpectra: A multi-source hyperspectral dataset for global vegetation trait predictioncited by 4
  6. 2023Hyperspectral Benchmark: Bridging the Gap between HSI Applications through Comprehensive Dataset and Pretrainingcited by 3
  7. 2024DiffFormer: a Differential Spatial-Spectral Transformer for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 3
  8. 2025Randomized based restricted kernel machine for hyperspectral image classificationcited by 3
  9. 2021Hyperspectral Image Classification: Artifacts of Dimension Reduction on Hybrid CNNcited by 2
  10. 2023Multimodal Transformer Using Cross-Channel attention for Object Detection in Remote Sensing Imagescited by 2
  11. 20213D/2D regularized CNN feature hierarchy for Hyperspectral image classificationcited by 1
  12. 2022A CNN with Noise Inclined Module and Denoise Framework for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 1
  13. 2023Training Methods of Multi-label Prediction Classifiers for Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Imagescited by 1
  14. 2024Unsupervised Band Selection Using Fused HSI and LiDAR Attention Integrating With Autoencodercited by 1
  15. 2024Importance of Disjoint Sampling in Conventional and Transformer Models for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 1
  16. 2024Continual Learning for Multimodal Data Fusion of a Soft Grippercited by 1
  17. 2025Hybrid State-Space and GRU-based Graph Tokenization Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 1
  18. 2025AI-Driven HSI: Multimodality, Fusion, Challenges, and the Deep Learning Revolutioncited by 1
  19. 2025HyperTTA: Test-Time Adaptation for Hyperspectral Image Classification under Distribution Shiftscited by 1
  20. 2025Deep Learning for Clouds and Cloud Shadow Segmentation in Methane Satellite and Airborne Imaging Spectroscopycited by 1
  21. 2025Spectral Discrepancy and Cross-modal Semantic Consistency Learning for Object Detection in Hyperspectral Imagecited by 1
  22. 2023MMFormer: Multimodal Transformer Using Multiscale Self-Attention for Remote Sensing Image Classificationcited by 0
  23. 2023Boosting the Generalization Ability for Hyperspectral Image Classification using Spectral-spatial Axial Aggregation Transformercited by 0
  24. 2023Multiview Transformer: Rethinking Spatial Information in Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 0
  25. 2024AMBER -- Advanced SegFormer for Multi-Band Image Segmentation: an application to Hyperspectral Imagingcited by 0
  26. 2024Enhancing Hyperspectral Image Prediction with Contrastive Learning in Low-Label Regimecited by 0
  27. 2025Dynamic Memory Transformer for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 0
  28. 2025From Pixels to Images: A Structural Survey of Deep Learning Paradigms in Remote Sensing Image Semantic Segmentationcited by 0
  29. 2025Hyperspectral Image Recovery Constrained by Multi-Granularity Non-Local Self-Similarity Priorscited by 0
  30. 2025Classification non supervis'ees d'acquisitions hyperspectrales cod'ees : quelles v'erit'es terrain ?cited by 0
  31. 2025CSFMamba: Cross State Fusion Mamba Operator for Multimodal Remote Sensing Image Classificationcited by 0
  32. 2026Hyperspectral Smoke Segmentation via Mixture of Prototypescited by 0
  33. 2026Cosine-Normalized Attention for Hyperspectral Image Classificationcited by 0
  34. 2026SSFT: A Lightweight Spectral-Spatial Fusion Transformer for Generic Hyperspectral Classificationcited by 0
  35. 2026Fruit-HSNet: A Machine Learning Approach for Hyperspectral Image-Based Fruit Ripeness Predictioncited by 0
  36. 2026Dimensionality reduction for AI based hyperspectral image classification based on XAIcited by 0
  37. 2026Hyperspectral Image Models: Technical Reportcited by 0