Large-Scale Generative Data-Free Distillation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Knowledge distillation is one of the most popular and effective techniques for knowledge transfer, model compression and semi-supervised learning. Most existing distillation approaches require the access to original or augmented training samples. But this can be problematic in practice due to privacy, proprietary and availability concerns. Recent work has put forward some methods to tackle this problem, but they are either highly time-consuming or unable to scale to large datasets. To this end, we propose a new method to train a generative image model by leveraging the intrinsic normalization layers' statistics of the trained teacher network. This enables us to build an ensemble of generators without training data that can efficiently produce substitute inputs for subsequent distillation. The proposed method pushes forward the data-free distillation performance on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 to 95.02% and 77.02% respectively. Furthermore, we are able to scale it to ImageNet dataset, which to the best of our knowledge, has never been done using generative models in a data-free setting.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Dec 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 6; 2023: 8; 2024: 5; 2025: 2.
29 papers.
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- 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 130
- 2022Synthesizing Informative Training Samples with GANcited by 77
- 2021Contrastive Model Inversion for Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 66
- 2022GradViT: Gradient Inversion of Vision Transformerscited by 52
- 2021Preventing Catastrophic Forgetting and Distribution Mismatch in Knowledge Distillation via Synthetic Datacited by 32
- 2021Data-Free Knowledge Transfer: A Surveycited by 31
- 2022Momentum Adversarial Distillation: Handling Large Distribution Shifts in Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 31
- 2023DFRD: Data-Free Robustness Distillation for Heterogeneous Federated Learningcited by 23
- 2023NAYER: Noisy Layer Data Generation for Efficient and Effective Data-free Knowledge Distillationcited by 22
- 2023Is Synthetic Data From Diffusion Models Ready for Knowledge Distillation?cited by 21
- 2024DKDM: Data-Free Knowledge Distillation for Diffusion Models with Any Architecturecited by 21
- 2024Small Scale Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 20
17 more
- 2022Few-Shot Unlearning by Model Inversioncited by 17
- 2022CDFKD-MFS: Collaborative Data-free Knowledge Distillation via Multi-level Feature Sharingcited by 15
- 2021Towards Data-Free Domain Generalizationcited by 11
- 2024Distilling the Knowledge in Data Pruningcited by 11
- 2024De-confounded Data-free Knowledge Distillation for Handling Distribution Shiftscited by 11
- 2023Sampling to Distill: Knowledge Transfer from Open-World Datacited by 8
- 2022Dynamic Data-Free Knowledge Distillation by Easy-to-Hard Learning Strategycited by 7
- 2021Representation Consolidation for Training Expert Studentscited by 5
- 2025When Data-Free Knowledge Distillation Meets Non-Transferable Teacher: Escaping Out-of-Distribution Trap is All You Needcited by 5
- 2023Robustness-Guided Image Synthesis for Data-Free Quantizationcited by 4
- 2021Up to 100× Faster Data-free Knowledge Distillationcited by 2
- 2023A Prototype-Oriented Clustering for Domain Shift with Source Privacycited by 2
- 2024DFDG: Data-Free Dual-Generator Adversarial Distillation for One-Shot Federated Learningcited by 2
- 2021Conditional Generative Data-free Knowledge Distillationcited by 0
- 2023Feature-Rich Audio Model Inversion for Data-Free Knowledge Distillation Towards General Sound Classificationcited by 0
- 2023Tackling Intertwined Data and Device Heterogeneities in Federated Learning with Unlimited Stalenesscited by 0
- 2025Seeing the Whole Picture: Distribution-Guided Data-Free Distillation for Semantic Segmentationcited by 0
- 2025Seeing the Whole Picture: Distribution-Guided Data-Free Distillation for Semantic Segmentation15 Dec 2025
- 2025When Data-Free Knowledge Distillation Meets Non-Transferable Teacher: Escaping Out-of-Distribution Trap is All You Need5 Jul 2025
- 2024DFDG: Data-Free Dual-Generator Adversarial Distillation for One-Shot Federated Learning12 Sep 2024
- 2024DKDM: Data-Free Knowledge Distillation for Diffusion Models with Any Architecture5 Sep 2024
- 2024Small Scale Data-Free Knowledge Distillation12 Jun 2024
- 2024De-confounded Data-free Knowledge Distillation for Handling Distribution Shifts28 Mar 2024
- 2024Distilling the Knowledge in Data Pruning12 Mar 2024
- 2023Robustness-Guided Image Synthesis for Data-Free Quantization5 Oct 2023
- 2023NAYER: Noisy Layer Data Generation for Efficient and Effective Data-free Knowledge Distillation30 Sep 2023
- 2023DFRD: Data-Free Robustness Distillation for Heterogeneous Federated Learning24 Sep 2023
- 2023Tackling Intertwined Data and Device Heterogeneities in Federated Learning with Unlimited Staleness24 Sep 2023
- 2023Sampling to Distill: Knowledge Transfer from Open-World Data31 Jul 2023
17 more
- 2023Is Synthetic Data From Diffusion Models Ready for Knowledge Distillation?22 May 2023
- 2023Feature-Rich Audio Model Inversion for Data-Free Knowledge Distillation Towards General Sound Classification14 Mar 2023
- 2023A Prototype-Oriented Clustering for Domain Shift with Source Privacy8 Feb 2023
- 2022Momentum Adversarial Distillation: Handling Large Distribution Shifts in Data-Free Knowledge Distillation21 Sep 2022
- 2022Dynamic Data-Free Knowledge Distillation by Easy-to-Hard Learning Strategy29 Aug 2022
- 2022Few-Shot Unlearning by Model Inversion31 May 2022
- 2022CDFKD-MFS: Collaborative Data-free Knowledge Distillation via Multi-level Feature Sharing24 May 2022
- 2022Synthesizing Informative Training Samples with GAN15 Apr 2022
- 2022GradViT: Gradient Inversion of Vision Transformers22 Mar 2022
- 2021Conditional Generative Data-free Knowledge Distillation31 Dec 2021
- 2021Data-Free Knowledge Transfer: A Survey31 Dec 2021
- 2021Up to 100× Faster Data-free Knowledge Distillation12 Dec 2021
- 2021Towards Data-Free Domain Generalization9 Oct 2021
- 2021Preventing Catastrophic Forgetting and Distribution Mismatch in Knowledge Distillation via Synthetic Data11 Aug 2021
- 2021Representation Consolidation for Training Expert Students16 Jul 2021
- 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learning17 Jun 2021
- 2021Contrastive Model Inversion for Data-Free Knowledge Distillation18 May 2021
- 2022Few-Shot Unlearning by Model Inversioncited by 17
- 2022Few-Shot Unlearning by Model Inversion31 May 2022
- 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 130
- 2022Synthesizing Informative Training Samples with GANcited by 77
- 2021Contrastive Model Inversion for Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 66
- 2022GradViT: Gradient Inversion of Vision Transformerscited by 52
- 2021Preventing Catastrophic Forgetting and Distribution Mismatch in Knowledge Distillation via Synthetic Datacited by 32
- 2021Data-Free Knowledge Transfer: A Surveycited by 31
- 2022Momentum Adversarial Distillation: Handling Large Distribution Shifts in Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 31
- 2023DFRD: Data-Free Robustness Distillation for Heterogeneous Federated Learningcited by 23
- 2023NAYER: Noisy Layer Data Generation for Efficient and Effective Data-free Knowledge Distillationcited by 22
- 2024Small Scale Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 20
- 2022CDFKD-MFS: Collaborative Data-free Knowledge Distillation via Multi-level Feature Sharingcited by 15
- 2021Towards Data-Free Domain Generalizationcited by 11
12 most cited of 26 All 26 (JSON)
- 2025Seeing the Whole Picture: Distribution-Guided Data-Free Distillation for Semantic Segmentation15 Dec 2025
- 2025When Data-Free Knowledge Distillation Meets Non-Transferable Teacher: Escaping Out-of-Distribution Trap is All You Need5 Jul 2025
- 2024DFDG: Data-Free Dual-Generator Adversarial Distillation for One-Shot Federated Learning12 Sep 2024
- 2024Small Scale Data-Free Knowledge Distillation12 Jun 2024
- 2024De-confounded Data-free Knowledge Distillation for Handling Distribution Shifts28 Mar 2024
- 2024Distilling the Knowledge in Data Pruning12 Mar 2024
- 2023Robustness-Guided Image Synthesis for Data-Free Quantization5 Oct 2023
- 2023NAYER: Noisy Layer Data Generation for Efficient and Effective Data-free Knowledge Distillation30 Sep 2023
- 2023DFRD: Data-Free Robustness Distillation for Heterogeneous Federated Learning24 Sep 2023
- 2023Tackling Intertwined Data and Device Heterogeneities in Federated Learning with Unlimited Staleness24 Sep 2023
- 2023Sampling to Distill: Knowledge Transfer from Open-World Data31 Jul 2023
- 2023Feature-Rich Audio Model Inversion for Data-Free Knowledge Distillation Towards General Sound Classification14 Mar 2023
12 newest of 26 All 26 (JSON)