A Comprehensive Survey on Word Representation Models: From Classical to State-Of-The-Art Word Representation Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Word representation has always been an important research area in the history of natural language processing (NLP). Understanding such complex text data is imperative, given that it is rich in information and can be used widely across various applications. In this survey, we explore different word representation models and its power of expression, from the classical to modern-day state-of-the-art word representation language models (LMS). We describe a variety of text representation methods, and model designs have blossomed in the context of NLP, including SOTA LMs. These models can transform large volumes of text into effective vector representations capturing the same semantic information. Further, such representations can be utilized by various machine learning (ML) algorithms for a variety of NLP related tasks. In the end, this survey briefly discusses the commonly used ML and DL based classifiers, evaluation metrics and the applications of these word embeddings in different NLP tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 8; 2023: 9; 2024: 7; 2025: 3.
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- 2023Persian Typographical Error Type Detection Using Deep Neural Networks on Algorithmically-Generated Misspellings19 May 2023
- 2023TwERC: High Performance Ensembled Candidate Generation for Ads Recommendation at Twitter27 Feb 2023
- 2023Investigating the use of ChatGPT for the scheduling of construction projects27 Jan 2023
- 2022Artificial Text Detection with Multiple Training Strategies10 Dec 2022
- 2022Beware the Rationalization Trap! When Language Model Explainability Diverges from our Mental Models of Language14 Jul 2022
- 2022Linguistically inspired roadmap for building biologically reliable protein language models3 Jul 2022
- 2022Performance Comparison of Simple Transformer and Res-CNN-BiLSTM for Cyberbullying Classification5 Jun 2022
- 2022Benchmarking for Public Health Surveillance tasks on Social Media with a Domain-Specific Pretrained Language Model9 Apr 2022
- 2022Dual Embodied-Symbolic Concept Representations for Deep Learning1 Mar 2022
- 2022Effects of Parametric and Non-Parametric Methods on High Dimensional Sparse Matrix Representations7 Feb 2022
- 2022Guided Semi-Supervised Non-negative Matrix Factorization on Legal Documents31 Jan 2022
- 2021Selecting Parallel In-domain Sentences for Neural Machine Translation Using Monolingual Texts11 Dec 2021
- 2021Recommender systems based on graph embedding techniques: A comprehensive review20 Sep 2021
- 2021Classifying vaccine sentiment tweets by modelling domain-specific representation and commonsense knowledge into context-aware attentive GRU17 Jun 2021
- 2023A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Modelscited by 639
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Process-Oriented Automatic Text Summarization with Exploration of LLM-Based Methodscited by 101
- 2024Large Language Models for Education: A Surveycited by 32
- 2023Investigating the use of ChatGPT for the scheduling of construction projectscited by 17
- 2024Algorithm Research of ELMo Word Embedding and Deep Learning Multimodal Transformer in Image Descriptioncited by 10
- 2022Beware the Rationalization Trap! When Language Model Explainability Diverges from our Mental Models of Languagecited by 9
- 2021Recommender systems based on graph embedding techniques: A comprehensive reviewcited by 8
- 2022Benchmarking for Public Health Surveillance tasks on Social Media with a Domain-Specific Pretrained Language Modelcited by 7
- 2022Linguistically inspired roadmap for building biologically reliable protein language modelscited by 7
- 2024MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysiscited by 6
- 2025BikeBench: A Bicycle Design Benchmark for Generative Models with Objectives and Constraintscited by 5
- 2021Selecting Parallel In-domain Sentences for Neural Machine Translation Using Monolingual Textscited by 4
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
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- 2025BikeBench: A Bicycle Design Benchmark for Generative Models with Objectives and Constraints25 May 2025
- 2025Natural Language Processing for Electronic Health Records in Scandinavian Languages: Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish24 Mar 2025
- 2024Algorithm Research of ELMo Word Embedding and Deep Learning Multimodal Transformer in Image Description26 Jul 2024
- 2024MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysis30 May 2024
- 2024Large Language Models for Education: A Survey12 May 2024
- 2024Enhancing Suicide Risk Detection on Social Media through Semi-Supervised Deep Label Smoothing9 May 2024
- 2024NLU-STR at SemEval-2024 Task 1: Generative-based Augmentation and Encoder-based Scoring for Semantic Textual Relatedness1 May 2024
- 2024Automated Text Mining of Experimental Methodologies from Biomedical Literature21 Apr 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Process-Oriented Automatic Text Summarization with Exploration of LLM-Based Methods5 Mar 2024
- 2023An Embedded Diachronic Sense Change Model with a Case Study from Ancient Greek1 Nov 2023
- 2023When Do Discourse Markers Affect Computational Sentence Understanding?1 Sep 2023
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)