Investigating Saturation Effects in Integrated Gradients
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Abstract (arXiv)
Integrated Gradients has become a popular method for post-hoc model interpretability. De-spite its popularity, the composition and relative impact of different regions of the integral path are not well understood. We explore these effects and find that gradients in saturated regions of this path, where model output changes minimally, contribute disproportionately to the computed attribution. We propose a variant of IntegratedGradients which primarily captures gradients in unsaturated regions and evaluate this method on ImageNet classification networks. We find that this attribution technique shows higher model faithfulness and lower sensitivity to noise com-pared with standard Integrated Gradients. A note-book illustrating our computations and results is available at https://github.com/vivekmig/captum-1/tree/ExpandedIG.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 0; 2023: 7; 2024: 8; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
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- 2023Explainability for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 331
- 2021Guided Integrated Gradients: An Adaptive Path Method for Removing Noisecited by 102
- 2021Discretized Integrated Gradients for Explaining Language Modelscited by 45
- 2023Neuron-Level Knowledge Attribution in Large Language Modelscited by 37
- 2024Gradient based Feature Attribution in Explainable AI: A Technical Reviewcited by 34
- 2024Manifold Integrated Gradients: Riemannian Geometry for Feature Attributioncited by 21
- 2021Focus! Rating XAI Methods and Finding Biasescited by 20
- 2024Knowledge Localization: Mission Not Accomplished? Enter Query Localization!cited by 13
- 2024IG2: Integrated Gradient on Iterative Gradient Path for Feature Attributioncited by 12
- 2024Visual-TCAV: Concept-based Attribution and Saliency Maps for Post-hoc Explainability in Image Classificationcited by 11
- 2025Probing Deep into Temporal Profile Makes the Infrared Small Target Detector Much Bettercited by 11
- 2021Efficient Explanations from Empirical Explainerscited by 9
10 more
- 2023Integrated Decision Gradients: Compute Your Attributions Where the Model Makes Its Decisioncited by 9
- 2023Negative Flux Aggregation to Estimate Feature Attributionscited by 7
- 2023Saliency strikes back: How filtering out high frequencies improves white-box explanationscited by 3
- 2024Applications of interpretable deep learning in neuroimaging: a comprehensive reviewcited by 3
- 2023Leaping Into Memories: Space-Time Deep Feature Synthesiscited by 2
- 2024Derivative-Free Diffusion Manifold-Constrained Gradient for Unified XAIcited by 2
- 2023CIDR: A Cooperative Integrated Dynamic Refining Method for Minimal Feature Removal Problemcited by 0
- 2024PE: A Poincare Explanation Method for Fast Text Hierarchy Generationcited by 0
- 2026Feature Attribution Stability Suite: How Stable Are Post-Hoc Attributions?cited by 0
- 2026WOMBAT: Whitebox Oracle for Molecular Benchmarking and Attribution Testingcited by 0
- 2026WOMBAT: Whitebox Oracle for Molecular Benchmarking and Attribution Testing30 Sep 2026
- 2026Feature Attribution Stability Suite: How Stable Are Post-Hoc Attributions?2 Apr 2026
- 2025Probing Deep into Temporal Profile Makes the Infrared Small Target Detector Much Better15 Jun 2025
- 2024Derivative-Free Diffusion Manifold-Constrained Gradient for Unified XAI22 Nov 2024
- 2024Visual-TCAV: Concept-based Attribution and Saliency Maps for Post-hoc Explainability in Image Classification8 Nov 2024
- 2024IG2: Integrated Gradient on Iterative Gradient Path for Feature Attribution16 Jun 2024
- 2024Applications of interpretable deep learning in neuroimaging: a comprehensive review30 May 2024
- 2024Knowledge Localization: Mission Not Accomplished? Enter Query Localization!23 May 2024
- 2024Manifold Integrated Gradients: Riemannian Geometry for Feature Attribution16 May 2024
- 2024PE: A Poincare Explanation Method for Fast Text Hierarchy Generation25 Mar 2024
- 2024Gradient based Feature Attribution in Explainable AI: A Technical Review15 Mar 2024
- 2023Neuron-Level Knowledge Attribution in Large Language Models19 Dec 2023
10 more
- 2023CIDR: A Cooperative Integrated Dynamic Refining Method for Minimal Feature Removal Problem13 Dec 2023
- 2023Explainability for Large Language Models: A Survey2 Sep 2023
- 2023Saliency strikes back: How filtering out high frequencies improves white-box explanations18 Jul 2023
- 2023Integrated Decision Gradients: Compute Your Attributions Where the Model Makes Its Decision31 May 2023
- 2023Leaping Into Memories: Space-Time Deep Feature Synthesis17 Mar 2023
- 2023Negative Flux Aggregation to Estimate Feature Attributions17 Jan 2023
- 2021Focus! Rating XAI Methods and Finding Biases28 Sep 2021
- 2021Discretized Integrated Gradients for Explaining Language Models31 Aug 2021
- 2021Guided Integrated Gradients: An Adaptive Path Method for Removing Noise17 Jun 2021
- 2021Efficient Explanations from Empirical Explainers29 Mar 2021
- 2023Explainability for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 331
- 2021Guided Integrated Gradients: An Adaptive Path Method for Removing Noisecited by 102
- 2021Discretized Integrated Gradients for Explaining Language Modelscited by 45
- 2023Neuron-Level Knowledge Attribution in Large Language Modelscited by 37
- 2024Gradient based Feature Attribution in Explainable AI: A Technical Reviewcited by 34
- 2024Manifold Integrated Gradients: Riemannian Geometry for Feature Attributioncited by 21
- 2021Focus! Rating XAI Methods and Finding Biasescited by 20
- 2024Knowledge Localization: Mission Not Accomplished? Enter Query Localization!cited by 13
- 2024IG2: Integrated Gradient on Iterative Gradient Path for Feature Attributioncited by 12
- 2024Visual-TCAV: Concept-based Attribution and Saliency Maps for Post-hoc Explainability in Image Classificationcited by 11
- 2025Probing Deep into Temporal Profile Makes the Infrared Small Target Detector Much Bettercited by 11
- 2021Efficient Explanations from Empirical Explainerscited by 9
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026WOMBAT: Whitebox Oracle for Molecular Benchmarking and Attribution Testing30 Sep 2026
- 2026Feature Attribution Stability Suite: How Stable Are Post-Hoc Attributions?2 Apr 2026
- 2025Probing Deep into Temporal Profile Makes the Infrared Small Target Detector Much Better15 Jun 2025
- 2024Derivative-Free Diffusion Manifold-Constrained Gradient for Unified XAI22 Nov 2024
- 2024Visual-TCAV: Concept-based Attribution and Saliency Maps for Post-hoc Explainability in Image Classification8 Nov 2024
- 2024IG2: Integrated Gradient on Iterative Gradient Path for Feature Attribution16 Jun 2024
- 2024Applications of interpretable deep learning in neuroimaging: a comprehensive review30 May 2024
- 2024Knowledge Localization: Mission Not Accomplished? Enter Query Localization!23 May 2024
- 2024Manifold Integrated Gradients: Riemannian Geometry for Feature Attribution16 May 2024
- 2024PE: A Poincare Explanation Method for Fast Text Hierarchy Generation25 Mar 2024
- 2024Gradient based Feature Attribution in Explainable AI: A Technical Review15 Mar 2024
- 2023Neuron-Level Knowledge Attribution in Large Language Models19 Dec 2023
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)