Rethinking Evaluation in ASR: Are Our Models Robust Enough?
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Abstract (arXiv)
Is pushing numbers on a single benchmark valuable in automatic speech recognition? Research results in acoustic modeling are typically evaluated based on performance on a single dataset. While the research community has coalesced around various benchmarks, we set out to understand generalization performance in acoustic modeling across datasets - in particular, if models trained on a single dataset transfer to other (possibly out-of-domain) datasets. We show that, in general, reverberative and additive noise augmentation improves generalization performance across domains. Further, we demonstrate that when a large enough set of benchmarks is used, average word error rate (WER) performance over them provides a good proxy for performance on real-world noisy data. Finally, we show that training a single acoustic model on the most widely-used datasets - combined - reaches competitive performance on both research and real-world benchmarks.
Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 20; 2023: 13; 2024: 8; 2025: 7; 2026: 6.
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- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 3,972
- 2021WavLM: Large-Scale Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Full Stack Speech Processingcited by 1,609
- 2021SpeechBrain: A General-Purpose Speech Toolkitcited by 404
- 2023Scaling Speech Technology to 1,000+ Languagescited by 401
- 2023Stabilizing Transformer Training by Preventing Attention Entropy Collapsecited by 154
- 2021Robust wav2vec 2.0: Analyzing Domain Shift in Self-Supervised Pre-Trainingcited by 148
- 2021BigSSL: Exploring the Frontier of Large-Scale Semi-Supervised Learning for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 88
- 2021SpeechStew: Simply Mix All Available Speech Recognition Data to Train One Large Neural Networkcited by 83
- 2021SLAM: A Unified Encoder for Speech and Language Modeling via Speech-Text Joint Pre-Trainingcited by 69
- 2022Squeezeformer: An Efficient Transformer for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 50
- 2024Masked Audio Generation using a Single Non-Autoregressive Transformercited by 50
- 2021CAPE: Encoding Relative Positions with Continuous Augmented Positional Embeddingscited by 47
38 more
- 2022Enhanced Direct Speech-to-Speech Translation Using Self-supervised Pre-training and Data Augmentationcited by 43
- 2023HyPoradise: An Open Baseline for Generative Speech Recognition with Large Language Modelscited by 41
- 2022u-HuBERT: Unified Mixed-Modal Speech Pretraining And Zero-Shot Transfer to Unlabeled Modalitycited by 36
- 2022Flashlight: Enabling Innovation in Tools for Machine Learningcited by 25
- 2021Pseudo-Labeling for Massively Multilingual Speech Recognitioncited by 23
- 2022STOP: A dataset for Spoken Task Oriented Semantic Parsingcited by 22
- 2024Speech Robust Bench: A Robustness Benchmark For Speech Recognitioncited by 20
- 2022Listen, Adapt, Better WER: Source-free Single-utterance Test-time Adaptation for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 19
- 2022ESB: A Benchmark For Multi-Domain End-to-End Speech Recognitioncited by 18
- 2021Scaling ASR Improves Zero and Few Shot Learningcited by 15
- 2021ASR4REAL: An extended benchmark for speech modelscited by 14
- 2023Multi-stage Large Language Model Correction for Speech Recognitioncited by 13
- 2021Timers and Such: A Practical Benchmark for Spoken Language Understanding with Numberscited by 11
- 2022Star Temporal Classification: Sequence Classification with Partially Labeled Datacited by 10
- 2022Boosting Cross-Domain Speech Recognition with Self-Supervisioncited by 10
- 2025Data Quality Issues in Multilingual Speech Datasets: The Need for Sociolinguistic Awareness and Proactive Language Planningcited by 10
- 2022Sample-Efficient Unsupervised Domain Adaptation of Speech Recognition Systems A case study for Modern Greekcited by 7
- 2022Continuous Soft Pseudo-Labeling in ASRcited by 6
- 2023Improving Accented Speech Recognition with Multi-Domain Trainingcited by 5
- 2023Towards hate speech detection in low-resource languages: Comparing ASR to acoustic word embeddings on Wolof and Swahilicited by 5
- 2023AV-CPL: Continuous Pseudo-Labeling for Audio-Visual Speech Recognitioncited by 5
- 2024Weighted Cross-entropy for Low-Resource Languages in Multilingual Speech Recognitioncited by 5
- 2023Test-Time Training for Speechcited by 4
- 2025OLMoASR: Open Models and Data for Training Robust Speech Recognition Modelscited by 4
- 2026Arab Voices: Mapping Standard and Dialectal Arabic Speech Technologycited by 4
- 2021Are E2E ASR models ready for an industrial usage?cited by 3
- 2022Ask2Mask: Guided Data Selection for Masked Speech Modelingcited by 3
- 2022Domain Specific Wav2vec 2.0 Fine-tuning For The SE&R 2022 Challengecited by 3
- 2023How Much Context Does My Attention-Based ASR System Need?cited by 3
- 2024HebDB: a Weakly Supervised Dataset for Hebrew Speech Processingcited by 3
- 2021Word Order Does Not Matter For Speech Recognitioncited by 2
- 2021Influence of ASR and Language Model on Alzheimer's Disease Detectioncited by 2
- 2021Human-Machine Interaction Speech Corpus from the ROBIN projectcited by 2
- 2023Some voices are too common: Building fair speech recognition systems using the Common Voice datasetcited by 2
- 2025On the Robust Approximation of ASR Metricscited by 2
- 2025Advancing Arabic Speech Recognition Through Large-Scale Weakly Supervised Learningcited by 2
- 2025WER is Unaware: Assessing How ASR Errors Distort Clinical Understanding in Patient Facing Dialoguecited by 2
- 2021Scalable Data Annotation Pipeline for High-Quality Large Speech Datasets Developmentcited by 1
50 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026Neyshekar: An Open Persian Read-Speech Corpus for Automatic Speech Recognition13 Sep 2026
- 2026Towards Quantifying Benchmark Optimization in ASR Models20 Aug 2026
- 2026Voice Memory for Agentic Speech Recognition29 Jul 2026
- 2026Voice of India: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Real-World Speech Recognition in India21 Apr 2026
- 2026Bootstrapping Audiovisual Speech Recognition in Zero-AV-Resource Scenarios9 Mar 2026
- 2026Arab Voices: Mapping Standard and Dialectal Arabic Speech Technology19 Jan 2026
- 2025WER is Unaware: Assessing How ASR Errors Distort Clinical Understanding in Patient Facing Dialogue20 Nov 2025
- 2025ASR Under Noise: Exploring Robustness for Sundanese and Javanese30 Sep 2025
- 2025OLMoASR: Open Models and Data for Training Robust Speech Recognition Models28 Aug 2025
- 2025ClaritySpeech: Dementia Obfuscation in Speech12 Jul 2025
- 2025Data Quality Issues in Multilingual Speech Datasets: The Need for Sociolinguistic Awareness and Proactive Language Planning21 Jun 2025
- 2025Advancing Arabic Speech Recognition Through Large-Scale Weakly Supervised Learning16 Apr 2025
38 more
- 2025On the Robust Approximation of ASR Metrics18 Feb 2025
- 2024Weighted Cross-entropy for Low-Resource Languages in Multilingual Speech Recognition25 Sep 2024
- 2024Revisiting Acoustic Features for Robust ASR24 Sep 2024
- 2024HebDB: a Weakly Supervised Dataset for Hebrew Speech Processing10 Jul 2024
- 2024Self-Train Before You Transcribe17 Jun 2024
- 2024Test-Time Training for Depression Detection7 Apr 2024
- 2024Multi-Stage Multi-Modal Pre-Training for Automatic Speech Recognition28 Mar 2024
- 2024Speech Robust Bench: A Robustness Benchmark For Speech Recognition8 Mar 2024
- 2024Masked Audio Generation using a Single Non-Autoregressive Transformer9 Jan 2024
- 2023D4AM: A General Denoising Framework for Downstream Acoustic Models28 Nov 2023
- 2023How Much Context Does My Attention-Based ASR System Need?24 Oct 2023
- 2023Multi-stage Large Language Model Correction for Speech Recognition17 Oct 2023
- 2023AV-CPL: Continuous Pseudo-Labeling for Audio-Visual Speech Recognition29 Sep 2023
- 2023HyPoradise: An Open Baseline for Generative Speech Recognition with Large Language Models27 Sep 2023
- 2023Test-Time Training for Speech19 Sep 2023
- 2023Some voices are too common: Building fair speech recognition systems using the Common Voice dataset1 Jun 2023
- 2023Towards hate speech detection in low-resource languages: Comparing ASR to acoustic word embeddings on Wolof and Swahili1 Jun 2023
- 2023Scaling Speech Technology to 1,000+ Languages22 May 2023
- 2023Improving Accented Speech Recognition with Multi-Domain Training14 Mar 2023
- 2023Stabilizing Transformer Training by Preventing Attention Entropy Collapse11 Mar 2023
- 2023A Comparison of Speech Data Augmentation Methods Using S3PRL Toolkit27 Feb 2023
- 2023Speech Corpora Divergence Based Unsupervised Data Selection for ASR26 Feb 2023
- 2022Sample-Efficient Unsupervised Domain Adaptation of Speech Recognition Systems A case study for Modern Greek31 Dec 2022
- 2022Pushing the performances of ASR models on English and Spanish accents22 Dec 2022
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision6 Dec 2022
- 2022Handling and extracting key entities from customer conversations using Speech recognition and Named Entity recognition28 Nov 2022
- 2022Continuous Soft Pseudo-Labeling in ASR11 Nov 2022
- 2022ESB: A Benchmark For Multi-Domain End-to-End Speech Recognition24 Oct 2022
- 2022Investigating self-supervised, weakly supervised and fully supervised training approaches for multi-domain automatic speech recognition: a study on Bangladeshi Bangla24 Oct 2022
- 2022Domain Specific Wav2vec 2.0 Fine-tuning For The SE&R 2022 Challenge29 Jul 2022
- 2022u-HuBERT: Unified Mixed-Modal Speech Pretraining And Zero-Shot Transfer to Unlabeled Modality14 Jul 2022
- 2022STOP: A dataset for Spoken Task Oriented Semantic Parsing29 Jun 2022
- 2022Boosting Cross-Domain Speech Recognition with Self-Supervision20 Jun 2022
- 2022Squeezeformer: An Efficient Transformer for Automatic Speech Recognition2 Jun 2022
- 2022ASR in German: A Detailed Error Analysis12 Apr 2022
- 2022Enhanced Direct Speech-to-Speech Translation Using Self-supervised Pre-training and Data Augmentation6 Apr 2022
- 2022Is Word Error Rate a good evaluation metric for Speech Recognition in Indic Languages?30 Mar 2022
- 2022Listen, Adapt, Better WER: Source-free Single-utterance Test-time Adaptation for Automatic Speech Recognition27 Mar 2022
50 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026Voice Memory for Agentic Speech Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Voice Memory for Agentic Speech Recognition29 Jul 2026
- 2024Self-Train Before You Transcribecited by 0
- 2024Self-Train Before You Transcribe17 Jun 2024
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 3,972
- 2021WavLM: Large-Scale Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Full Stack Speech Processingcited by 1,609
- 2021SpeechBrain: A General-Purpose Speech Toolkitcited by 404
- 2023Scaling Speech Technology to 1,000+ Languagescited by 401
- 2023Stabilizing Transformer Training by Preventing Attention Entropy Collapsecited by 154
- 2021Robust wav2vec 2.0: Analyzing Domain Shift in Self-Supervised Pre-Trainingcited by 148
- 2021BigSSL: Exploring the Frontier of Large-Scale Semi-Supervised Learning for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 88
- 2021SpeechStew: Simply Mix All Available Speech Recognition Data to Train One Large Neural Networkcited by 83
- 2021SLAM: A Unified Encoder for Speech and Language Modeling via Speech-Text Joint Pre-Trainingcited by 69
- 2022Squeezeformer: An Efficient Transformer for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 50
- 2024Masked Audio Generation using a Single Non-Autoregressive Transformercited by 50
- 2021CAPE: Encoding Relative Positions with Continuous Augmented Positional Embeddingscited by 47
12 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2026Neyshekar: An Open Persian Read-Speech Corpus for Automatic Speech Recognition13 Sep 2026
- 2026Towards Quantifying Benchmark Optimization in ASR Models20 Aug 2026
- 2026Voice of India: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Real-World Speech Recognition in India21 Apr 2026
- 2026Bootstrapping Audiovisual Speech Recognition in Zero-AV-Resource Scenarios9 Mar 2026
- 2026Arab Voices: Mapping Standard and Dialectal Arabic Speech Technology19 Jan 2026
- 2025WER is Unaware: Assessing How ASR Errors Distort Clinical Understanding in Patient Facing Dialogue20 Nov 2025
- 2025ASR Under Noise: Exploring Robustness for Sundanese and Javanese30 Sep 2025
- 2025OLMoASR: Open Models and Data for Training Robust Speech Recognition Models28 Aug 2025
- 2025ClaritySpeech: Dementia Obfuscation in Speech12 Jul 2025
- 2025Data Quality Issues in Multilingual Speech Datasets: The Need for Sociolinguistic Awareness and Proactive Language Planning21 Jun 2025
- 2025Advancing Arabic Speech Recognition Through Large-Scale Weakly Supervised Learning16 Apr 2025
- 2025On the Robust Approximation of ASR Metrics18 Feb 2025
12 newest of 70 All 70 (JSON)