NeuSpell: A Neural Spelling Correction Toolkit
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce NeuSpell, an open-source toolkit for spelling correction in English. Our toolkit comprises ten different models, and benchmarks them on naturally occurring misspellings from multiple sources. We find that many systems do not adequately leverage the context around the misspelt token. To remedy this, (i) we train neural models using spelling errors in context, synthetically constructed by reverse engineering isolated misspellings; and (ii) use contextual representations. By training on our synthetic examples, correction rates improve by 9% (absolute) compared to the case when models are trained on randomly sampled character perturbations. Using richer contextual representations boosts the correction rate by another 3%. Our toolkit enables practitioners to use our proposed and existing spelling correction systems, both via a unified command line, as well as a web interface. Among many potential applications, we demonstrate the utility of our spell-checkers in combating adversarial misspellings. The toolkit can be accessed at neuspell.github.io. Code and pretrained models are available at http://github.com/neuspell/neuspell.
Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 7; 2023: 9; 2024: 7; 2025: 3.
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- 2022Analogy Generation by Prompting Large Language Models: A Case Study of InstructGPTcited by 27
- 2022Automated Scoring for Reading Comprehension via In-context BERT Tuningcited by 15
- 2022PoseScript: Linking 3D Human Poses and Natural Languagecited by 13
- 2023GIO: Gradient Information Optimization for Training Dataset Selectioncited by 13
- 2022Perturbations in the Wild: Leveraging Human-Written Text Perturbations for Realistic Adversarial Attack and Defensecited by 12
- 2021VarCLR: Variable Semantic Representation Pre-training via Contrastive Learningcited by 11
- 2024Did Translation Models Get More Robust Without Anyone Even Noticing?cited by 9
- 2021What Vision-Language Models `See' when they See Scenescited by 8
- 2024DENOISER: Rethinking the Robustness for Open-Vocabulary Action Recognitioncited by 8
- 2023A Methodology for Generative Spelling Correction via Natural Spelling Errors Emulation across Multiple Domains and Languagescited by 5
- 2022A Comprehensive Gold Standard and Benchmark for Comics Text Detection and Recognitioncited by 4
- 2021Evaluating Pretrained Transformer Models for Entity Linking in Task-Oriented Dialogcited by 3
19 more
- 2022BSpell: A CNN-Blended BERT Based Bangla Spell Checkercited by 3
- 2023RETVec: Resilient and Efficient Text Vectorizercited by 3
- 2021Hierarchical Character Tagger for Short Text Spelling Error Correctioncited by 2
- 2023Contextual Multilingual Spellchecker for User Queriescited by 2
- 2025TiSpell: A Semi-Masked Methodology for Tibetan Spelling Correction covering Multi-Level Error with Data Augmentationcited by 2
- 2023NoisyHate: Mining Online Human-Written Perturbations for Realistic Robustness Benchmarking of Content Moderation Modelscited by 1
- 2023Syn-Att: Synthetic Speech Attribution via Semi-Supervised Unknown Multi-Class Ensemble of CNNscited by 1
- 2023HTEC: Human Transcription Error Correctioncited by 1
- 2024Contextual Spelling Correction with Language Model for Low-resource Settingcited by 1
- 2024PERCORE: A Deep Learning-Based Framework for Persian Spelling Correction with Phonetic Analysiscited by 1
- 2021Maps Search Misspelling Detection Leveraging Domain-Augmented Contextual Representationscited by 0
- 2022ABB-BERT: A BERT model for disambiguating abbreviations and contractionscited by 0
- 2023BiPhone: Modeling Inter Language Phonetic Influences in Textcited by 0
- 2023Domain specificity and data efficiency in typo tolerant spell checkers: the case of search in online marketplacescited by 0
- 2024Automatic Real-word Error Correction in Persian Textcited by 0
- 2024Improving the quality of Persian clinical text with a novel spelling correction systemcited by 0
- 2024An Open-Source American Sign Language Fingerspell Recognition and Semantic Pose Retrieval Interfacecited by 0
- 2025Automated Essay Scoring Incorporating Annotations from Automated Feedback Systemscited by 0
- 2025LMSpell: Spell Correction with Pre-Trained Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025LMSpell: Spell Correction with Pre-Trained Language Models5 Dec 2025
- 2025Automated Essay Scoring Incorporating Annotations from Automated Feedback Systems28 May 2025
- 2025TiSpell: A Semi-Masked Methodology for Tibetan Spelling Correction covering Multi-Level Error with Data Augmentation12 May 2025
- 2024An Open-Source American Sign Language Fingerspell Recognition and Semantic Pose Retrieval Interface17 Aug 2024
- 2024Improving the quality of Persian clinical text with a novel spelling correction system7 Aug 2024
- 2024Automatic Real-word Error Correction in Persian Text20 Jul 2024
- 2024PERCORE: A Deep Learning-Based Framework for Persian Spelling Correction with Phonetic Analysis20 Jul 2024
- 2024Contextual Spelling Correction with Language Model for Low-resource Setting28 Apr 2024
- 2024DENOISER: Rethinking the Robustness for Open-Vocabulary Action Recognition23 Apr 2024
- 2024Did Translation Models Get More Robust Without Anyone Even Noticing?6 Mar 2024
- 2023HTEC: Human Transcription Error Correction18 Sep 2023
- 2023Syn-Att: Synthetic Speech Attribution via Semi-Supervised Unknown Multi-Class Ensemble of CNNs15 Sep 2023
19 more
- 2023A Methodology for Generative Spelling Correction via Natural Spelling Errors Emulation across Multiple Domains and Languages18 Aug 2023
- 2023Domain specificity and data efficiency in typo tolerant spell checkers: the case of search in online marketplaces3 Aug 2023
- 2023BiPhone: Modeling Inter Language Phonetic Influences in Text6 Jul 2023
- 2023GIO: Gradient Information Optimization for Training Dataset Selection20 Jun 2023
- 2023Contextual Multilingual Spellchecker for User Queries1 May 2023
- 2023NoisyHate: Mining Online Human-Written Perturbations for Realistic Robustness Benchmarking of Content Moderation Models18 Mar 2023
- 2023RETVec: Resilient and Efficient Text Vectorizer18 Feb 2023
- 2022A Comprehensive Gold Standard and Benchmark for Comics Text Detection and Recognition27 Dec 2022
- 2022PoseScript: Linking 3D Human Poses and Natural Language21 Oct 2022
- 2022Analogy Generation by Prompting Large Language Models: A Case Study of InstructGPT9 Oct 2022
- 2022BSpell: A CNN-Blended BERT Based Bangla Spell Checker20 Aug 2022
- 2022ABB-BERT: A BERT model for disambiguating abbreviations and contractions8 Jul 2022
- 2022Automated Scoring for Reading Comprehension via In-context BERT Tuning19 May 2022
- 2022Perturbations in the Wild: Leveraging Human-Written Text Perturbations for Realistic Adversarial Attack and Defense19 Mar 2022
- 2021Evaluating Pretrained Transformer Models for Entity Linking in Task-Oriented Dialog15 Dec 2021
- 2021VarCLR: Variable Semantic Representation Pre-training via Contrastive Learning5 Dec 2021
- 2021Hierarchical Character Tagger for Short Text Spelling Error Correction29 Sep 2021
- 2021What Vision-Language Models `See' when they See Scenes15 Sep 2021
- 2021Maps Search Misspelling Detection Leveraging Domain-Augmented Contextual Representations15 Aug 2021
- 2022Analogy Generation by Prompting Large Language Models: A Case Study of InstructGPTcited by 27
- 2022Automated Scoring for Reading Comprehension via In-context BERT Tuningcited by 15
- 2022PoseScript: Linking 3D Human Poses and Natural Languagecited by 13
- 2023GIO: Gradient Information Optimization for Training Dataset Selectioncited by 13
- 2022Perturbations in the Wild: Leveraging Human-Written Text Perturbations for Realistic Adversarial Attack and Defensecited by 12
- 2021VarCLR: Variable Semantic Representation Pre-training via Contrastive Learningcited by 11
- 2024Did Translation Models Get More Robust Without Anyone Even Noticing?cited by 9
- 2023A Methodology for Generative Spelling Correction via Natural Spelling Errors Emulation across Multiple Domains and Languagescited by 5
- 2022A Comprehensive Gold Standard and Benchmark for Comics Text Detection and Recognitioncited by 4
- 2021Evaluating Pretrained Transformer Models for Entity Linking in Task-Oriented Dialogcited by 3
- 2022BSpell: A CNN-Blended BERT Based Bangla Spell Checkercited by 3
- 2023RETVec: Resilient and Efficient Text Vectorizercited by 3
12 most cited of 29 All 29 (JSON)
- 2025LMSpell: Spell Correction with Pre-Trained Language Models5 Dec 2025
- 2025Automated Essay Scoring Incorporating Annotations from Automated Feedback Systems28 May 2025
- 2025TiSpell: A Semi-Masked Methodology for Tibetan Spelling Correction covering Multi-Level Error with Data Augmentation12 May 2025
- 2024An Open-Source American Sign Language Fingerspell Recognition and Semantic Pose Retrieval Interface17 Aug 2024
- 2024Improving the quality of Persian clinical text with a novel spelling correction system7 Aug 2024
- 2024Automatic Real-word Error Correction in Persian Text20 Jul 2024
- 2024PERCORE: A Deep Learning-Based Framework for Persian Spelling Correction with Phonetic Analysis20 Jul 2024
- 2024Contextual Spelling Correction with Language Model for Low-resource Setting28 Apr 2024
- 2024Did Translation Models Get More Robust Without Anyone Even Noticing?6 Mar 2024
- 2023HTEC: Human Transcription Error Correction18 Sep 2023
- 2023Syn-Att: Synthetic Speech Attribution via Semi-Supervised Unknown Multi-Class Ensemble of CNNs15 Sep 2023
- 2023A Methodology for Generative Spelling Correction via Natural Spelling Errors Emulation across Multiple Domains and Languages18 Aug 2023
12 newest of 29 All 29 (JSON)