Video Game Level Repair via Mixed Integer Linear Programming
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advancements in procedural content generation via machine learning enable the generation of video-game levels that are aesthetically similar to human-authored examples. However, the generated levels are often unplayable without additional editing. We propose a generate-then-repair framework for automatic generation of playable levels adhering to specific styles. The framework constructs levels using a generative adversarial network (GAN) trained with human-authored examples and repairs them using a mixed-integer linear program (MIP) with playability constraints. A key component of the framework is computing minimum cost edits between the GAN generated level and the solution of the MIP solver, which we cast as a minimum cost network flow problem. Results show that the proposed framework generates a diverse range of playable levels, that capture the spatial relationships between objects exhibited in the human-authored levels.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 3; 2023: 6; 2024: 5; 2025: 2.
18 papers.
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- 2021On the Importance of Environments in Human-Robot Coordinationcited by 37
- 2021Illuminating Diverse Neural Cellular Automata for Level Generationcited by 35
- 2023Multi-Robot Coordination and Layout Design for Automated Warehousingcited by 17
- 2024DreamCraft: Text-Guided Generation of Functional 3D Environments in Minecraftcited by 17
- 2024DreamGarden: A Designer Assistant for Growing Games from a Single Promptcited by 10
- 2023Arbitrarily Scalable Environment Generators via Neural Cellular Automatacited by 9
- 2023Surrogate Assisted Generation of Human-Robot Interaction Scenarioscited by 8
- 2022Mario Plays on a Manifold: Generating Functional Content in Latent Space through Differential Geometrycited by 5
- 2023GenCO: Generating Diverse Designs with Combinatorial Constraintscited by 3
- 2024Continuous Parallel Relaxation for Finding Diverse Solutions in Combinatorial Optimization Problemscited by 3
- 2025Destination-to-Chutes Task Mapping Optimization for Multi-Robot Coordination in Robotic Sorting Systemscited by 3
- 2023Active Learning for Classifying 2D Grid-Based Level Completabilitycited by 2
6 more
- 2024Guided Game Level Repair via Explainable AIcited by 2
- 2022On Linking Level Segmentscited by 1
- 2023Reconstructing Existing Levels through Level Inpaintingcited by 1
- 2024Algorithmic Scenario Generation as Quality Diversity Optimizationcited by 1
- 2022Generating Diverse Indoor Furniture Arrangementscited by 0
- 2025Evolutionary Level Repaircited by 0
- 2025Destination-to-Chutes Task Mapping Optimization for Multi-Robot Coordination in Robotic Sorting Systems3 Oct 2025
- 2025Evolutionary Level Repair24 Jun 2025
- 2024Guided Game Level Repair via Explainable AI30 Oct 2024
- 2024DreamGarden: A Designer Assistant for Growing Games from a Single Prompt2 Oct 2024
- 2024Algorithmic Scenario Generation as Quality Diversity Optimization7 Sep 2024
- 2024DreamCraft: Text-Guided Generation of Functional 3D Environments in Minecraft23 Apr 2024
- 2024Continuous Parallel Relaxation for Finding Diverse Solutions in Combinatorial Optimization Problems3 Feb 2024
- 2023Arbitrarily Scalable Environment Generators via Neural Cellular Automata28 Oct 2023
- 2023GenCO: Generating Diverse Designs with Combinatorial Constraints3 Oct 2023
- 2023Reconstructing Existing Levels through Level Inpainting18 Sep 2023
- 2023Active Learning for Classifying 2D Grid-Based Level Completability8 Sep 2023
- 2023Multi-Robot Coordination and Layout Design for Automated Warehousing10 May 2023
6 more
- 2023Surrogate Assisted Generation of Human-Robot Interaction Scenarios26 Apr 2023
- 2022Generating Diverse Indoor Furniture Arrangements20 Jun 2022
- 2022Mario Plays on a Manifold: Generating Functional Content in Latent Space through Differential Geometry31 May 2022
- 2022On Linking Level Segments9 Mar 2022
- 2021Illuminating Diverse Neural Cellular Automata for Level Generation12 Sep 2021
- 2021On the Importance of Environments in Human-Robot Coordination21 Jun 2021
- 2021On the Importance of Environments in Human-Robot Coordinationcited by 37
- 2021Illuminating Diverse Neural Cellular Automata for Level Generationcited by 35
- 2023Multi-Robot Coordination and Layout Design for Automated Warehousingcited by 17
- 2024DreamCraft: Text-Guided Generation of Functional 3D Environments in Minecraftcited by 17
- 2024DreamGarden: A Designer Assistant for Growing Games from a Single Promptcited by 10
- 2023Arbitrarily Scalable Environment Generators via Neural Cellular Automatacited by 9
- 2023Surrogate Assisted Generation of Human-Robot Interaction Scenarioscited by 8
- 2022Mario Plays on a Manifold: Generating Functional Content in Latent Space through Differential Geometrycited by 5
- 2023GenCO: Generating Diverse Designs with Combinatorial Constraintscited by 3
- 2024Continuous Parallel Relaxation for Finding Diverse Solutions in Combinatorial Optimization Problemscited by 3
- 2025Destination-to-Chutes Task Mapping Optimization for Multi-Robot Coordination in Robotic Sorting Systemscited by 3
- 2023Active Learning for Classifying 2D Grid-Based Level Completabilitycited by 2
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2025Destination-to-Chutes Task Mapping Optimization for Multi-Robot Coordination in Robotic Sorting Systems3 Oct 2025
- 2025Evolutionary Level Repair24 Jun 2025
- 2024Guided Game Level Repair via Explainable AI30 Oct 2024
- 2024DreamGarden: A Designer Assistant for Growing Games from a Single Prompt2 Oct 2024
- 2024Algorithmic Scenario Generation as Quality Diversity Optimization7 Sep 2024
- 2024DreamCraft: Text-Guided Generation of Functional 3D Environments in Minecraft23 Apr 2024
- 2024Continuous Parallel Relaxation for Finding Diverse Solutions in Combinatorial Optimization Problems3 Feb 2024
- 2023Arbitrarily Scalable Environment Generators via Neural Cellular Automata28 Oct 2023
- 2023GenCO: Generating Diverse Designs with Combinatorial Constraints3 Oct 2023
- 2023Reconstructing Existing Levels through Level Inpainting18 Sep 2023
- 2023Active Learning for Classifying 2D Grid-Based Level Completability8 Sep 2023
- 2023Multi-Robot Coordination and Layout Design for Automated Warehousing10 May 2023
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)