A Vertical Federated Learning Method for Interpretable Scorecard and Its Application in Credit Scoring
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Abstract (arXiv)
With the success of big data and artificial intelligence in many fields, the applications of big data driven models are expected in financial risk management especially credit scoring and rating. Under the premise of data privacy protection, we propose a projected gradient-based method in the vertical federated learning framework for the traditional scorecard, which is based on logistic regression with bounded constraints, namely FL-LRBC. The latter enables multiple agencies to jointly train an optimized scorecard model in a single training session. It leads to the formation of the model with positive coefficients, while the time-consuming parameter-tuning process can be avoided. Moreover, the performance in terms of both AUC and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistics is significantly improved due to data enrichment using FL-LRBC. At present, FL-LRBC has already been applied to credit business in a China nation-wide financial holdings group.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Sep 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 2; 2023: 2; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
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- 2022Vertical Federated Learning: Concepts, Advances and Challengescited by 108
- 2021Applications of Federated Learning in Smart Cities: Recent Advances, Taxonomy, and Open Challengescited by 17
- 2024Vertical Federated Learning for Effectiveness, Security, Applicability: A Surveycited by 14
- 2022Is Vertical Logistic Regression Privacy-Preserving? A Comprehensive Privacy Analysis and Beyondcited by 7
- 2023Eliminating Label Leakage in Tree-Based Vertical Federated Learningcited by 6
- 2021IFedAvg: Interpretable Data-Interoperability for Federated Learningcited by 5
- 2021A Vertical Federated Learning Framework for Horizontally Partitioned Labelscited by 4
- 2025Unlearning Clients, Features and Samples in Vertical Federated Learningcited by 3
- 2021A Vertical Federated Learning Method For Multi-Institutional Credit Scoring: MICScited by 2
- 2024The Effects of Data Imbalance Under a Federated Learning Approach for Credit Risk Forecastingcited by 2
- 2024Vertical Federated Learning Hybrid Local Pre-trainingcited by 1
- 2021An Information-Theoretic Analysis of The Cost of Decentralization for Learning and Inference Under Privacy Constraintscited by 0
4 more
- 2023The Landscape of Modern Machine Learning: A Review of Machine, Distributed and Federated Learningcited by 0
- 2025On the Inference (In-)Security of Vertical Federated Learning: Efficient Auditing against Inference Tampering Attackcited by 0
- 2025Trans-XFed: An Explainable Federated Learning for Supply Chain Credit Assessmentcited by 0
- 2026Understanding Backdoor Vulnerabilities in Vertical Federated Learning: The Gap Between Research and Practicecited by 0
- 2026Understanding Backdoor Vulnerabilities in Vertical Federated Learning: The Gap Between Research and Practice13 Aug 2026
- 2025Trans-XFed: An Explainable Federated Learning for Supply Chain Credit Assessment19 Aug 2025
- 2025On the Inference (In-)Security of Vertical Federated Learning: Efficient Auditing against Inference Tampering Attack3 Jul 2025
- 2025Unlearning Clients, Features and Samples in Vertical Federated Learning23 Jan 2025
- 2024Vertical Federated Learning for Effectiveness, Security, Applicability: A Survey25 May 2024
- 2024Vertical Federated Learning Hybrid Local Pre-training20 May 2024
- 2024The Effects of Data Imbalance Under a Federated Learning Approach for Credit Risk Forecasting14 Jan 2024
- 2023The Landscape of Modern Machine Learning: A Review of Machine, Distributed and Federated Learning5 Dec 2023
- 2023Eliminating Label Leakage in Tree-Based Vertical Federated Learning19 Jul 2023
- 2022Vertical Federated Learning: Concepts, Advances and Challenges23 Nov 2022
- 2022Is Vertical Logistic Regression Privacy-Preserving? A Comprehensive Privacy Analysis and Beyond19 Jul 2022
- 2021A Vertical Federated Learning Method For Multi-Institutional Credit Scoring: MICS17 Nov 2021
4 more
- 2021An Information-Theoretic Analysis of The Cost of Decentralization for Learning and Inference Under Privacy Constraints11 Oct 2021
- 2021IFedAvg: Interpretable Data-Interoperability for Federated Learning14 Jul 2021
- 2021A Vertical Federated Learning Framework for Horizontally Partitioned Labels18 Jun 2021
- 2021Applications of Federated Learning in Smart Cities: Recent Advances, Taxonomy, and Open Challenges2 Feb 2021
- 2022Vertical Federated Learning: Concepts, Advances and Challengescited by 108
- 2021Applications of Federated Learning in Smart Cities: Recent Advances, Taxonomy, and Open Challengescited by 17
- 2024Vertical Federated Learning for Effectiveness, Security, Applicability: A Surveycited by 14
- 2022Is Vertical Logistic Regression Privacy-Preserving? A Comprehensive Privacy Analysis and Beyondcited by 7
- 2023Eliminating Label Leakage in Tree-Based Vertical Federated Learningcited by 6
- 2021IFedAvg: Interpretable Data-Interoperability for Federated Learningcited by 5
- 2021A Vertical Federated Learning Framework for Horizontally Partitioned Labelscited by 4
- 2021A Vertical Federated Learning Method For Multi-Institutional Credit Scoring: MICScited by 2
- 2024The Effects of Data Imbalance Under a Federated Learning Approach for Credit Risk Forecastingcited by 2
- 2024Vertical Federated Learning Hybrid Local Pre-trainingcited by 1
- 2021An Information-Theoretic Analysis of The Cost of Decentralization for Learning and Inference Under Privacy Constraintscited by 0
- 2023The Landscape of Modern Machine Learning: A Review of Machine, Distributed and Federated Learningcited by 0
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2026Understanding Backdoor Vulnerabilities in Vertical Federated Learning: The Gap Between Research and Practice13 Aug 2026
- 2025Trans-XFed: An Explainable Federated Learning for Supply Chain Credit Assessment19 Aug 2025
- 2025On the Inference (In-)Security of Vertical Federated Learning: Efficient Auditing against Inference Tampering Attack3 Jul 2025
- 2024Vertical Federated Learning for Effectiveness, Security, Applicability: A Survey25 May 2024
- 2024Vertical Federated Learning Hybrid Local Pre-training20 May 2024
- 2024The Effects of Data Imbalance Under a Federated Learning Approach for Credit Risk Forecasting14 Jan 2024
- 2023The Landscape of Modern Machine Learning: A Review of Machine, Distributed and Federated Learning5 Dec 2023
- 2023Eliminating Label Leakage in Tree-Based Vertical Federated Learning19 Jul 2023
- 2022Vertical Federated Learning: Concepts, Advances and Challenges23 Nov 2022
- 2022Is Vertical Logistic Regression Privacy-Preserving? A Comprehensive Privacy Analysis and Beyond19 Jul 2022
- 2021A Vertical Federated Learning Method For Multi-Institutional Credit Scoring: MICS17 Nov 2021
- 2021An Information-Theoretic Analysis of The Cost of Decentralization for Learning and Inference Under Privacy Constraints11 Oct 2021
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)