Addressing Fairness in Classification with a Model-Agnostic Multi-Objective Algorithm
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Abstract (arXiv)
The goal of fairness in classification is to learn a classifier that does not discriminate against groups of individuals based on sensitive attributes, such as race and gender. One approach to designing fair algorithms is to use relaxations of fairness notions as regularization terms or in a constrained optimization problem. We observe that the hyperbolic tangent function can approximate the indicator function. We leverage this property to define a differentiable relaxation that approximates fairness notions provably better than existing relaxations. In addition, we propose a model-agnostic multi-objective architecture that can simultaneously optimize for multiple fairness notions and multiple sensitive attributes and supports all statistical parity-based notions of fairness. We use our relaxation with the multi-objective architecture to learn fair classifiers. Experiments on public datasets show that our method suffers a significantly lower loss of accuracy than current debiasing algorithms relative to the unconstrained model.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Sep 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 7; 2023: 4; 2024: 6; 2025: 3.
23 papers.
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- 2022Bias Mitigation for Machine Learning Classifiers: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 125
- 2021Scalable Pareto Front Approximation for Deep Multi-Objective Learningcited by 45
- 2021Fair Enough: Searching for Sufficient Measures of Fairnesscited by 14
- 2023Chasing Fairness Under Distribution Shift: A Model Weight Perturbation Approachcited by 12
- 2024PMGDA: A Preference-based Multiple Gradient Descent Algorithmcited by 10
- 2024LibMOON: A Gradient-based MultiObjective OptimizatioN Library in PyTorchcited by 10
- 2022Tiny, always-on and fragile: Bias propagation through design choices in on-device machine learning workflowscited by 8
- 2022Mitigating Unfairness via Evolutionary Multi-objective Ensemble Learningcited by 8
- 2023Understanding Fairness Surrogate Functions in Algorithmic Fairnesscited by 8
- 2023fairret: a Framework for Differentiable Fairness Regularization Termscited by 7
- 2024Algorithmic Fairness in Performative Policy Learning: Escaping the Impossibility of Group Fairnesscited by 6
- 2023Risk-Controlling Model Selection via Guided Bayesian Optimizationcited by 5
11 more
- 2022FairNorm: Fair and Fast Graph Neural Network Trainingcited by 4
- 2022Towards Fairness-Aware Multi-Objective Optimizationcited by 4
- 2022Generalization In Multi-Objective Machine Learningcited by 4
- 2021Self-Evolutionary Optimization for Pareto Front Learningcited by 3
- 2022Beyond Impossibility: Balancing Sufficiency, Separation and Accuracycited by 2
- 2024Best Practices for Responsible Machine Learning in Credit Scoringcited by 2
- 2025Enhancing Multi-Attribute Fairness in Healthcare Predictive Modelingcited by 2
- 2024CurvFed: Curvature-Aligned Federated Learning for Fairness without Demographicscited by 1
- 2025A Multi-Objective Evaluation Framework for Analyzing Utility-Fairness Trade-Offs in Machine Learning Systemscited by 1
- 2024Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimisation for Fairness-Aware Self Adjusting Memory Classifiers in Data Streamscited by 0
- 2025APFEx: Adaptive Pareto Front Explorer for Intersectional Fairnesscited by 0
- 2025APFEx: Adaptive Pareto Front Explorer for Intersectional Fairness17 Sep 2025
- 2025A Multi-Objective Evaluation Framework for Analyzing Utility-Fairness Trade-Offs in Machine Learning Systems14 Mar 2025
- 2025Enhancing Multi-Attribute Fairness in Healthcare Predictive Modeling22 Jan 2025
- 2024Best Practices for Responsible Machine Learning in Credit Scoring30 Sep 2024
- 2024LibMOON: A Gradient-based MultiObjective OptimizatioN Library in PyTorch4 Sep 2024
- 2024Algorithmic Fairness in Performative Policy Learning: Escaping the Impossibility of Group Fairness30 May 2024
- 2024CurvFed: Curvature-Aligned Federated Learning for Fairness without Demographics30 Apr 2024
- 2024Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimisation for Fairness-Aware Self Adjusting Memory Classifiers in Data Streams18 Apr 2024
- 2024PMGDA: A Preference-based Multiple Gradient Descent Algorithm14 Feb 2024
- 2023Risk-Controlling Model Selection via Guided Bayesian Optimization4 Dec 2023
- 2023fairret: a Framework for Differentiable Fairness Regularization Terms26 Oct 2023
- 2023Understanding Fairness Surrogate Functions in Algorithmic Fairness17 Oct 2023
11 more
- 2023Chasing Fairness Under Distribution Shift: A Model Weight Perturbation Approach6 Mar 2023
- 2022Mitigating Unfairness via Evolutionary Multi-objective Ensemble Learning30 Oct 2022
- 2022Generalization In Multi-Objective Machine Learning29 Aug 2022
- 2022Towards Fairness-Aware Multi-Objective Optimization22 Jul 2022
- 2022Bias Mitigation for Machine Learning Classifiers: A Comprehensive Survey14 Jul 2022
- 2022Beyond Impossibility: Balancing Sufficiency, Separation and Accuracy24 May 2022
- 2022FairNorm: Fair and Fast Graph Neural Network Training20 May 2022
- 2022Tiny, always-on and fragile: Bias propagation through design choices in on-device machine learning workflows19 Jan 2022
- 2021Fair Enough: Searching for Sufficient Measures of Fairness25 Oct 2021
- 2021Self-Evolutionary Optimization for Pareto Front Learning7 Oct 2021
- 2021Scalable Pareto Front Approximation for Deep Multi-Objective Learning24 Mar 2021
- 2022Bias Mitigation for Machine Learning Classifiers: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 125
- 2021Scalable Pareto Front Approximation for Deep Multi-Objective Learningcited by 45
- 2021Fair Enough: Searching for Sufficient Measures of Fairnesscited by 14
- 2023Chasing Fairness Under Distribution Shift: A Model Weight Perturbation Approachcited by 12
- 2024PMGDA: A Preference-based Multiple Gradient Descent Algorithmcited by 10
- 2024LibMOON: A Gradient-based MultiObjective OptimizatioN Library in PyTorchcited by 10
- 2022Tiny, always-on and fragile: Bias propagation through design choices in on-device machine learning workflowscited by 8
- 2022Mitigating Unfairness via Evolutionary Multi-objective Ensemble Learningcited by 8
- 2023Understanding Fairness Surrogate Functions in Algorithmic Fairnesscited by 8
- 2023fairret: a Framework for Differentiable Fairness Regularization Termscited by 7
- 2024Algorithmic Fairness in Performative Policy Learning: Escaping the Impossibility of Group Fairnesscited by 6
- 2023Risk-Controlling Model Selection via Guided Bayesian Optimizationcited by 5
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2025APFEx: Adaptive Pareto Front Explorer for Intersectional Fairness17 Sep 2025
- 2025A Multi-Objective Evaluation Framework for Analyzing Utility-Fairness Trade-Offs in Machine Learning Systems14 Mar 2025
- 2025Enhancing Multi-Attribute Fairness in Healthcare Predictive Modeling22 Jan 2025
- 2024Best Practices for Responsible Machine Learning in Credit Scoring30 Sep 2024
- 2024LibMOON: A Gradient-based MultiObjective OptimizatioN Library in PyTorch4 Sep 2024
- 2024Algorithmic Fairness in Performative Policy Learning: Escaping the Impossibility of Group Fairness30 May 2024
- 2024CurvFed: Curvature-Aligned Federated Learning for Fairness without Demographics30 Apr 2024
- 2024Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimisation for Fairness-Aware Self Adjusting Memory Classifiers in Data Streams18 Apr 2024
- 2024PMGDA: A Preference-based Multiple Gradient Descent Algorithm14 Feb 2024
- 2023Risk-Controlling Model Selection via Guided Bayesian Optimization4 Dec 2023
- 2023fairret: a Framework for Differentiable Fairness Regularization Terms26 Oct 2023
- 2023Understanding Fairness Surrogate Functions in Algorithmic Fairness17 Oct 2023
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)