Predicting Game Difficulty and Churn Without Players
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a novel simulation model that is able to predict the per-level churn and pass rates of Angry Birds Dream Blast, a popular mobile free-to-play game. Our primary contribution is to combine AI gameplay using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) with a simulation of how the player population evolves over the levels. The AI players predict level difficulty, which is used to drive a player population model with simulated skill, persistence, and boredom. This allows us to model, e.g., how less persistent and skilled players are more sensitive to high difficulty, and how such players churn early, which makes the player population and the relation between difficulty and churn evolve level by level. Our work demonstrates that player behavior predictions produced by DRL gameplay can be significantly improved by even a very simple population-level simulation of individual player differences, without requiring costly retraining of agents or collecting new DRL gameplay data for each simulated player.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Aug 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 2; 2023: 1; 2024: 0; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
9 papers.
- 2022Large Language Models are Pretty Good Zero-Shot Video Game Bug Detectorscited by 14
- 2023RaidEnv: Exploring New Challenges in Automated Content Balancing for Boss Raid Gamescited by 7
- 2021Predicting Game Engagement and Difficulty Using AI Playerscited by 5
- 2021Playtesting: What is Beyond Personascited by 2
- 2022Personalized Game Difficulty Prediction Using Factorization Machinescited by 2
- 2026AI for Games in the Foundation Model Eracited by 2
- 2021The Difficulty of Novelty Detection in Open-World Physical Domains: An Application to Angry Birdscited by 1
- 2025A modular framework for automated evaluation of procedural content generation in serious games with deep reinforcement learning agentscited by 0
- 2026Robo-Saber: Generating and Simulating Virtual Reality Playerscited by 0
- 2026AI for Games in the Foundation Model Era15 Sep 2026
- 2026Robo-Saber: Generating and Simulating Virtual Reality Players20 Feb 2026
- 2025A modular framework for automated evaluation of procedural content generation in serious games with deep reinforcement learning agents22 May 2025
- 2023RaidEnv: Exploring New Challenges in Automated Content Balancing for Boss Raid Games4 Jul 2023
- 2022Large Language Models are Pretty Good Zero-Shot Video Game Bug Detectors5 Oct 2022
- 2022Personalized Game Difficulty Prediction Using Factorization Machines6 Sep 2022
- 2021Predicting Game Engagement and Difficulty Using AI Players26 Jul 2021
- 2021Playtesting: What is Beyond Personas26 Jul 2021
- 2021The Difficulty of Novelty Detection in Open-World Physical Domains: An Application to Angry Birds16 Jun 2021