Towards End-to-end Video-based Eye-Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
Estimating eye-gaze from images alone is a challenging task, in large parts due to un-observable person-specific factors. Achieving high accuracy typically requires labeled data from test users which may not be attainable in real applications. We observe that there exists a strong relationship between what users are looking at and the appearance of the user's eyes. In response to this understanding, we propose a novel dataset and accompanying method which aims to explicitly learn these semantic and temporal relationships. Our video dataset consists of time-synchronized screen recordings, user-facing camera views, and eye gaze data, which allows for new benchmarks in temporal gaze tracking as well as label-free refinement of gaze. Importantly, we demonstrate that the fusion of information from visual stimuli as well as eye images can lead towards achieving performance similar to literature-reported figures acquired through supervised personalization. Our final method yields significant performance improvements on our proposed EVE dataset, with up to a 28 percent improvement in Point-of-Gaze estimates (resulting in 2.49 degrees in angular error), paving the path towards high-accuracy screen-based eye tracking purely from webcam sensors. The dataset and reference source code are available at https://ait.ethz.ch/projects/2020/EVE
Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Jul 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 7; 2023: 5; 2024: 8; 2025: 7; 2026: 4.
39 papers.
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- 2021Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmarkcited by 82
- 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approachescited by 33
- 2021Weakly-Supervised Physically Unconstrained Gaze Estimationcited by 28
- 2023DVGaze: Dual-View Gaze Estimationcited by 15
- 2022Contrastive Representation Learning for Gaze Estimationcited by 14
- 2024What Do You See in Vehicle? Comprehensive Vision Solution for In-Vehicle Gaze Estimationcited by 14
- 2023An End-to-End Review of Gaze Estimation and its Interactive Applications on Handheld Mobile Devicescited by 13
- 2024Spatio-Temporal Attention and Gaussian Processes for Personalized Video Gaze Estimationcited by 12
- 20223DGazeNet: Generalizing Gaze Estimation with Weak-Supervision from Synthetic Viewscited by 11
- 2023EFE: End-to-end Frame-to-Gaze Estimationcited by 11
- 2021MTGLS: Multi-Task Gaze Estimation with Limited Supervisioncited by 10
- 2022Generalizable Deepfake Detection with Phase-Based Motion Analysiscited by 10
27 more
- 2025Enhancing 3D Gaze Estimation in the Wild using Weak Supervision with Gaze Following Labelscited by 9
- 2021Memorability: An image-computable measure of information utilitycited by 8
- 2021The Story in Your Eyes: An Individual-difference-aware Model for Cross-person Gaze Estimationcited by 5
- 2022One Eye is All You Need: Lightweight Ensembles for Gaze Estimation with Single Encoderscited by 5
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimationcited by 4
- 2021Semi-Supervised Learning for Eye Image Segmentationcited by 3
- 2022Modern Augmented Reality: Applications, Trends, and Future Directionscited by 3
- 2024A Novel Framework for Multi-Person Temporal Gaze Following and Social Gaze Predictioncited by 3
- 2024Evaluating Image-Based Face and Eye Tracking with Event Camerascited by 3
- 20253D Prior is All You Need: Cross-Task Few-shot 2D Gaze Estimationcited by 3
- 2022Multistream Gaze Estimation with Anatomical Eye Region Isolation by Synthetic to Real Transfer Learningcited by 1
- 2023Model-aware 3D Eye Gaze from Weak and Few-shot Supervisionscited by 1
- 2024Driver Attention Tracking and Analysiscited by 1
- 2024Smartphone-based Eye Tracking System using Edge Intelligence and Model Optimisationcited by 1
- 2024A Survey on Deep Learning-based Gaze Direction Regression: Searching for the State-of-the-artcited by 1
- 2025Gaze Estimation for Human-Robot Interaction: Analysis Using the NICO Platformcited by 1
- 2021Detection of Abnormal Behavior with Self-Supervised Gaze Estimationcited by 0
- 2022RAZE: Region Guided Self-Supervised Gaze Representation Learningcited by 0
- 2023Accurate Gaze Estimation using an Active-gaze Morphable Modelcited by 0
- 2024See Where You Read with Eye Gaze Tracking and Large Language Modelcited by 0
- 2025Pose-Robust Calibration Strategy for Point-of-Gaze Estimation on Mobile Phonescited by 0
- 2025EgoCampus: Egocentric Pedestrian Eye Gaze Model and Datasetcited by 0
- 2025Learning Spatio-Temporal Feature Representations for Video-Based Gaze Estimationcited by 0
- 2026Low Latency Gaze Tracking via Latent Optical Sensingcited by 0
- 2026Drift Calibration in Geometric Eye Tracking Systemscited by 0
- 2026Marker-free eye-gaze estimation using a single image and depth from defocuscited by 0
- 2026EyeTAG: Eye Trajectory-Aware Gaze Estimationcited by 0
- 2026EyeTAG: Eye Trajectory-Aware Gaze Estimation1 Oct 2026
- 2026Marker-free eye-gaze estimation using a single image and depth from defocus9 Sep 2026
- 2026Drift Calibration in Geometric Eye Tracking Systems30 Aug 2026
- 2026Low Latency Gaze Tracking via Latent Optical Sensing18 May 2026
- 2025Learning Spatio-Temporal Feature Representations for Video-Based Gaze Estimation19 Dec 2025
- 2025EgoCampus: Egocentric Pedestrian Eye Gaze Model and Dataset8 Dec 2025
- 2025Gaze Estimation for Human-Robot Interaction: Analysis Using the NICO Platform28 Sep 2025
- 2025Pose-Robust Calibration Strategy for Point-of-Gaze Estimation on Mobile Phones14 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimation7 Aug 2025
- 2025Enhancing 3D Gaze Estimation in the Wild using Weak Supervision with Gaze Following Labels27 Feb 2025
- 20253D Prior is All You Need: Cross-Task Few-shot 2D Gaze Estimation6 Feb 2025
- 2024A Survey on Deep Learning-based Gaze Direction Regression: Searching for the State-of-the-art22 Oct 2024
27 more
- 2024See Where You Read with Eye Gaze Tracking and Large Language Model28 Sep 2024
- 2024Smartphone-based Eye Tracking System using Edge Intelligence and Model Optimisation22 Aug 2024
- 2024Evaluating Image-Based Face and Eye Tracking with Event Cameras19 Aug 2024
- 2024Driver Attention Tracking and Analysis10 Apr 2024
- 2024Spatio-Temporal Attention and Gaussian Processes for Personalized Video Gaze Estimation8 Apr 2024
- 2024What Do You See in Vehicle? Comprehensive Vision Solution for In-Vehicle Gaze Estimation23 Mar 2024
- 2024A Novel Framework for Multi-Person Temporal Gaze Following and Social Gaze Prediction15 Mar 2024
- 2023Model-aware 3D Eye Gaze from Weak and Few-shot Supervisions20 Nov 2023
- 2023DVGaze: Dual-View Gaze Estimation20 Aug 2023
- 2023An End-to-End Review of Gaze Estimation and its Interactive Applications on Handheld Mobile Devices30 Jun 2023
- 2023EFE: End-to-end Frame-to-Gaze Estimation9 May 2023
- 2023Accurate Gaze Estimation using an Active-gaze Morphable Model30 Jan 2023
- 20223DGazeNet: Generalizing Gaze Estimation with Weak-Supervision from Synthetic Views6 Dec 2022
- 2022One Eye is All You Need: Lightweight Ensembles for Gaze Estimation with Single Encoders22 Nov 2022
- 2022Generalizable Deepfake Detection with Phase-Based Motion Analysis17 Nov 2022
- 2022Contrastive Representation Learning for Gaze Estimation24 Oct 2022
- 2022RAZE: Region Guided Self-Supervised Gaze Representation Learning4 Aug 2022
- 2022Multistream Gaze Estimation with Anatomical Eye Region Isolation by Synthetic to Real Transfer Learning18 Jun 2022
- 2022Modern Augmented Reality: Applications, Trends, and Future Directions18 Feb 2022
- 2021MTGLS: Multi-Task Gaze Estimation with Limited Supervision23 Oct 2021
- 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approaches12 Aug 2021
- 2021Detection of Abnormal Behavior with Self-Supervised Gaze Estimation14 Jul 2021
- 2021The Story in Your Eyes: An Individual-difference-aware Model for Cross-person Gaze Estimation27 Jun 2021
- 2021Weakly-Supervised Physically Unconstrained Gaze Estimation20 May 2021
- 2021Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmark26 Apr 2021
- 2021Memorability: An image-computable measure of information utility1 Apr 2021
- 2021Semi-Supervised Learning for Eye Image Segmentation17 Mar 2021
- 2021Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmarkcited by 82
- 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approachescited by 33
- 2021Weakly-Supervised Physically Unconstrained Gaze Estimationcited by 28
- 2023DVGaze: Dual-View Gaze Estimationcited by 15
- 2022Contrastive Representation Learning for Gaze Estimationcited by 14
- 2024What Do You See in Vehicle? Comprehensive Vision Solution for In-Vehicle Gaze Estimationcited by 14
- 2023An End-to-End Review of Gaze Estimation and its Interactive Applications on Handheld Mobile Devicescited by 13
- 2024Spatio-Temporal Attention and Gaussian Processes for Personalized Video Gaze Estimationcited by 12
- 20223DGazeNet: Generalizing Gaze Estimation with Weak-Supervision from Synthetic Viewscited by 11
- 2023EFE: End-to-end Frame-to-Gaze Estimationcited by 11
- 2021MTGLS: Multi-Task Gaze Estimation with Limited Supervisioncited by 10
- 2022Generalizable Deepfake Detection with Phase-Based Motion Analysiscited by 10
12 most cited of 39 All 39 (JSON)
- 2026EyeTAG: Eye Trajectory-Aware Gaze Estimation1 Oct 2026
- 2026Marker-free eye-gaze estimation using a single image and depth from defocus9 Sep 2026
- 2026Drift Calibration in Geometric Eye Tracking Systems30 Aug 2026
- 2026Low Latency Gaze Tracking via Latent Optical Sensing18 May 2026
- 2025Learning Spatio-Temporal Feature Representations for Video-Based Gaze Estimation19 Dec 2025
- 2025EgoCampus: Egocentric Pedestrian Eye Gaze Model and Dataset8 Dec 2025
- 2025Gaze Estimation for Human-Robot Interaction: Analysis Using the NICO Platform28 Sep 2025
- 2025Pose-Robust Calibration Strategy for Point-of-Gaze Estimation on Mobile Phones14 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimation7 Aug 2025
- 2025Enhancing 3D Gaze Estimation in the Wild using Weak Supervision with Gaze Following Labels27 Feb 2025
- 20253D Prior is All You Need: Cross-Task Few-shot 2D Gaze Estimation6 Feb 2025
- 2024A Survey on Deep Learning-based Gaze Direction Regression: Searching for the State-of-the-art22 Oct 2024
12 newest of 39 All 39 (JSON)