mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

The ASRU 2019 Mandarin-English Code-Switching Speech Recognition Challenge: Open Datasets, Tracks, Methods and Results

arXiv 2007.05916 ↗First posted 12 Jul 2020eess.AS cs.CL cs.SDcited by 43

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Abstract (arXiv)

Code-switching (CS) is a common phenomenon and recognizing CS speech is challenging. But CS speech data is scarce and there' s no common testbed in relevant research. This paper describes the design and main outcomes of the ASRU 2019 Mandarin-English code-switching speech recognition challenge, which aims to improve the ASR performance in Mandarin-English code-switching situation. 500 hours Mandarin speech data and 240 hours Mandarin-English intra-sentencial CS data are released to the participants. Three tracks were set for advancing the AM and LM part in traditional DNN-HMM ASR system, as well as exploring the E2E models' performance. The paper then presents an overview of the results and system performance in the three tracks. It turns out that traditional ASR system benefits from pronunciation lexicon, CS text generating and data augmentation. In E2E track, however, the results highlight the importance of using language identification, building-up a rational set of modeling units and spec-augment. The other details in model training and method comparsion are discussed.

Key facts. Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Jul 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 9; 2023: 7; 2024: 10; 2025: 4; 2026: 10.

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  1. 2021WenetSpeech: A 10000+ Hours Multi-domain Mandarin Corpus for Speech Recognitioncited by 189
  2. 2024Mamba in Speech: Towards an Alternative to Self-Attentioncited by 58
  3. 2021ASCEND: A Spontaneous Chinese-English Dataset for Code-switching in Multi-turn Conversationcited by 43
  4. 2023HyPoradise: An Open Baseline for Generative Speech Recognition with Large Language Modelscited by 41
  5. 2022End-to-End Speech Translation for Code Switched Speechcited by 26
  6. 2023Language-Routing Mixture of Experts for Multilingual and Code-Switching Speech Recognitioncited by 26
  7. 2022LAE: Language-Aware Encoder for Monolingual and Multilingual ASRcited by 21
  8. 2021Joint Modeling of Code-Switched and Monolingual ASR via Conditional Factorizationcited by 17
  9. 2022TALCS: An Open-Source Mandarin-English Code-Switching Corpus and a Speech Recognition Baselinecited by 17
  10. 2022Towards Zero-Shot Code-Switched Speech Recognitioncited by 15
  11. 2025ContextASR-Bench: A Massive Contextual Speech Recognition Benchmarkcited by 14
  12. 2025CS-Dialogue: A 104-Hour Dataset of Spontaneous Mandarin-English Code-Switching Dialogues for Speech Recognitioncited by 10
31 more
  1. 2024Boosting Code-Switching ASR with Mixture of Experts Enhanced Speech-Conditioned LLMcited by 9
  2. 2023BA-MoE: Boundary-Aware Mixture-of-Experts Adapter for Code-Switching Speech Recognitioncited by 8
  3. 2024An Effective Mixture-Of-Experts Approach For Code-Switching Speech Recognition Leveraging Encoder Disentanglementcited by 8
  4. 2023Leveraging Data Collection and Unsupervised Learning for Code-switched Tunisian Arabic Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 7
  5. 2023Generative error correction for code-switching speech recognition using large language modelscited by 7
  6. 2026SLAM-LLM: A Modular, Open-Source Multimodal Large Language Model Framework and Best Practice for Speech, Language, Audio and Music Processingcited by 7
  7. 2022Reducing language context confusion for end-to-end code-switching automatic speech recognitioncited by 6
  8. 2023LAE-ST-MoE: Boosted Language-Aware Encoder Using Speech Translation Auxiliary Task for E2E Code-switching ASRcited by 6
  9. 2024SC-MoE: Switch Conformer Mixture of Experts for Unified Streaming and Non-streaming Code-Switching ASRcited by 6
  10. 2022Internal Language Model Estimation based Language Model Fusion for Cross-Domain Code-Switching Speech Recognitioncited by 5
  11. 2025Code-Switching in End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 4
  12. 2025HiKE: Hierarchical Evaluation Framework for Korean-English Code-Switching Speech Recognitioncited by 4
  13. 2024CAMEL: Cross-Attention Enhanced Mixture-of-Experts and Language Bias for Code-Switching Speech Recognitioncited by 3
  14. 2026ViMedCSS: A Vietnamese Medical Code-Switching Speech Dataset & Benchmarkcited by 3
  15. 2022Monolingual Recognizers Fusion for Code-switching Speech Recognitioncited by 2
  16. 2023Improving Code-Switching and Named Entity Recognition in ASR with Speech Editing based Data Augmentationcited by 2
  17. 2024Improving Zero-Shot Chinese-English Code-Switching ASR with kNN-CTC and Gated Monolingual Datastorescited by 2
  18. 2024Dynamic Language Group-Based MoE: Enhancing Code-Switching Speech Recognition with Hierarchical Routingcited by 2
  19. 2024Enhancing Code-Switching Speech Recognition with LID-Based Collaborative Mixture of Experts Modelcited by 2
  20. 2026Towards Human-Like Interactive Speech Recognition With Agentic Correction and Semantic Evaluationcited by 2
  21. 2022Adversarial synthesis based data-augmentation for code-switched spoken language identificationcited by 1
  22. 2022Summary on the ISCSLP 2022 Chinese-English Code-Switching ASR Challengecited by 1
  23. 2024A Comparative Study of LLM-based ASR and Whisper in Low Resource and Code Switching Scenariocited by 1
  24. 2026Interactive ASR: Towards Human-Like Interaction and Semantic Coherence Evaluation for Agentic Speech Recognitioncited by 1
  25. 2024Enhancing Code-Switching ASR Leveraging Non-Peaky CTC Loss and Deep Language Posterior Injectioncited by 0
  26. 2026PolySpeech-100: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Speech Understanding Across 100+ Languages and Dialectscited by 0
  27. 2026Read What You Hear: Reference-Free Hypotheses Evaluation with Acoustic Discrepancycited by 0
  28. 2026Towards Truly Multilingual ASR: Generalizing Code-Switching ASR to Unseen Language Pairscited by 0
  29. 2026Latent Softmax for Data-Efficient Phoneme-Based Multilingual ASR Across Tonal and Non-Tonal Languagescited by 0
  30. 2026AfriSwitch: A Benchmark for In-the-Wild African Code-Switched Speech Recognitioncited by 0
  31. 2026Pretrained ASR Pseudo-labeling for Noisy Police Audiocited by 0