Instance-aware Image Colorization
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Abstract (arXiv)
Image colorization is inherently an ill-posed problem with multi-modal uncertainty. Previous methods leverage the deep neural network to map input grayscale images to plausible color outputs directly. Although these learning-based methods have shown impressive performance, they usually fail on the input images that contain multiple objects. The leading cause is that existing models perform learning and colorization on the entire image. In the absence of a clear figure-ground separation, these models cannot effectively locate and learn meaningful object-level semantics. In this paper, we propose a method for achieving instance-aware colorization. Our network architecture leverages an off-the-shelf object detector to obtain cropped object images and uses an instance colorization network to extract object-level features. We use a similar network to extract the full-image features and apply a fusion module to full object-level and image-level features to predict the final colors. Both colorization networks and fusion modules are learned from a large-scale dataset. Experimental results show that our work outperforms existing methods on different quality metrics and achieves state-of-the-art performance on image colorization.
Key facts. Cited by 76 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 May 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 16; 2022: 17; 2023: 17; 2024: 14; 2025: 7; 2026: 5.
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- 2021Palette: Image-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1,296
- 2021Towards Vivid and Diverse Image Colorization with Generative Color Priorcited by 55
- 2021Instance-wise Hard Negative Example Generation for Contrastive Learning in Unpaired Image-to-Image Translationcited by 45
- 2022DDColor: Towards Photo-Realistic Image Colorization via Dual Decoderscited by 36
- 2022BigColor: Colorization using a Generative Color Prior for Natural Imagescited by 34
- 2024Control Color: Multimodal Diffusion-based Interactive Image Colorizationcited by 33
- 2023Diffusing Colors: Image Colorization with Text Guided Diffusioncited by 25
- 2021Temporally Consistent Video Colorization with Deep Feature Propagation and Self-regularization Learningcited by 22
- 2022GLEAN: Generative Latent Bank for Image Super-Resolution and Beyondcited by 19
- 2022PalGAN: Image Colorization with Palette Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 15
- 2023Improved Diffusion-based Image Colorization via Piggybacked Modelscited by 15
- 2022BiSTNet: Semantic Image Prior Guided Bidirectional Temporal Feature Fusion for Deep Exemplar-based Video Colorizationcited by 13
38 more
- 2021VCGAN: Video Colorization with Hybrid Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 12
- 2021Deep Edge-Aware Interactive Colorization against Color-Bleeding Effectscited by 12
- 2021Contrastive Spatio-Temporal Pretext Learning for Self-supervised Video Representationcited by 11
- 2023Video Colorization with Pre-trained Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 11
- 2025Follow-Your-Color: Multi-Instance Sketch Colorizationcited by 10
- 2021Color2Embed: Fast Exemplar-Based Image Colorization using Color Embeddingscited by 9
- 2022SCSNet: An Efficient Paradigm for Learning Simultaneously Image Colorization and Super-Resolutioncited by 8
- 2022Pik-Fix: Restoring and Colorizing Old Photoscited by 8
- 2024ColorMNet: A Memory-based Deep Spatial-Temporal Feature Propagation Network for Video Colorizationcited by 8
- 2022UniColor: A Unified Framework for Multi-Modal Colorization with Transformercited by 7
- 2024Colorizing Monochromatic Radiance Fieldscited by 7
- 2024Automatic Controllable Colorization via Imaginationcited by 7
- 2021Focusing on Persons: Colorizing Old Images Learning from Modern Historical Moviescited by 6
- 2021Efficient Anomaly Detection Using Self-Supervised Multi-Cue Taskscited by 6
- 2023Cooperative Colorization: Exploring Latent Cross-Domain Priors for NIR Image Spectrum Translationcited by 6
- 2024MultiColor: Image Colorization by Learning from Multiple Color Spacescited by 6
- 2023L-CAD: Language-based Colorization with Any-level Descriptions using Diffusion Priorscited by 5
- 2023ChromaDistill: Colorizing Monochrome Radiance Fields with Knowledge Distillationcited by 5
- 2023Pre-Training LiDAR-Based 3D Object Detectors Through Colorizationcited by 5
- 2022CHIMLE: Conditional Hierarchical IMLE for Multimodal Conditional Image Synthesiscited by 4
- 2023Modernizing Old Photos Using Multiple References via Photorealistic Style Transfercited by 4
- 2021Panoptic-aware Image-to-Image Translationcited by 3
- 2022Guiding Users to Where to Give Color Hints for Efficient Interactive Sketch Colorization via Unsupervised Region Prioritizationcited by 3
- 2023SVCNet: Scribble-based Video Colorization Network with Temporal Aggregationcited by 3
- 2023DiffColor: Toward High Fidelity Text-Guided Image Colorization with Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2023Brighten-and-Colorize: A Decoupled Network for Customized Low-Light Image Enhancementcited by 3
- 2021Image-to-Image Translation with Low Resolution Conditioningcited by 2
- 2024Multimodal Semantic-Aware Automatic Colorization with Diffusion Priorcited by 2
- 2024ColorMamba: Towards High-quality NIR-to-RGB Spectral Translation with Mambacited by 2
- 2025Digital Staining with Knowledge Distillation: A Unified Framework for Unpaired and Paired-But-Misaligned Datacited by 2
- 2026BBQ-to-Image: Numeric Bounding Box and Qolor Control in Large-Scale Text-to-Image Modelscited by 2
- 2021TUCaN: Progressively Teaching Colourisation to Capsulescited by 1
- 2021Guided Colorization Using Mono-Color Image Pairscited by 1
- 2022Bias in Automated Image Colorization: Metrics and Error Typescited by 1
- 2022Analysis of Different Losses for Deep Learning Image Colorizationcited by 1
- 2023Unsupervised Deep Digital Staining For Microscopic Cell Images Via Knowledge Distillationcited by 1
- 2023Fine-Tuning InstructPix2Pix for Advanced Image Colorizationcited by 1
- 2024CCC: Color Classified Colorizationcited by 1
50 most cited of 76 All 76 (JSON)
- 2026In-Token Learning for High-Fidelity Image Restoration via Diffusion Transformers27 Sep 2026
- 2026MCIQA-2K: A Multi-Dimensional Dataset and No-Reference Quality Assessment Benchmark for Colorized Images13 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Fixed Luminance: Towards Panchromatic and Orthochromatic Image Colorization11 Aug 2026
- 2026A Human-in-the-Loop Deep Learning Framework for Color Reconstruction of Lenticular Films3 Aug 2026
- 2026BBQ-to-Image: Numeric Bounding Box and Qolor Control in Large-Scale Text-to-Image Models24 Feb 2026
- 2025Prompt-based Consistent Video Colorization27 Nov 2025
- 2025T2T-VICL: Cross-Task Visual In-Context Learning via Implicit Text-Driven VLMs20 Nov 2025
- 2025PRevivor: Reviving Ancient Chinese Paintings using Prior-Guided Color Transformers3 Nov 2025
- 2025SSIMBaD: Sigma Scaling with SSIM-Guided Balanced Diffusion for AnimeFace Colorization4 Jun 2025
- 2025Digital Staining with Knowledge Distillation: A Unified Framework for Unpaired and Paired-But-Misaligned Data14 Apr 2025
- 2025Follow-Your-Color: Multi-Instance Sketch Colorization21 Mar 2025
- 2025Language-based Image Colorization: A Benchmark and Beyond19 Mar 2025
38 more
- 2024Enabling Region-Specific Control via Lassos in Point-Based Colorization18 Dec 2024
- 2024Computer-aided Colorization State-of-the-science: A Survey3 Oct 2024
- 2024ColorMamba: Towards High-quality NIR-to-RGB Spectral Translation with Mamba15 Aug 2024
- 2024MultiColor: Image Colorization by Learning from Multiple Color Spaces8 Aug 2024
- 2024LatentColorization: Latent Diffusion-Based Speaker Video Colorization9 May 2024
- 2024Multimodal Semantic-Aware Automatic Colorization with Diffusion Prior25 Apr 2024
- 2024ColorMNet: A Memory-based Deep Spatial-Temporal Feature Propagation Network for Video Colorization9 Apr 2024
- 2024Automatic Controllable Colorization via Imagination8 Apr 2024
- 2024Generative Quanta Color Imaging28 Mar 2024
- 2024CCC++: Optimized Color Classified Colorization with Segment Anything Model (SAM) Empowered Object Selective Color Harmonization18 Mar 2024
- 2024CCC: Color Classified Colorization3 Mar 2024
- 2024Colorizing Monochromatic Radiance Fields19 Feb 2024
- 2024Control Color: Multimodal Diffusion-based Interactive Image Colorization16 Feb 2024
- 2024Audio-Infused Automatic Image Colorization by Exploiting Audio Scene Semantics24 Jan 2024
- 2023Fine-Tuning InstructPix2Pix for Advanced Image Colorization8 Dec 2023
- 2023Diffusing Colors: Image Colorization with Text Guided Diffusion7 Dec 2023
- 2023Pre-Training LiDAR-Based 3D Object Detectors Through Colorization23 Oct 2023
- 2023ChromaDistill: Colorizing Monochrome Radiance Fields with Knowledge Distillation14 Sep 2023
- 2023Histogram-guided Video Colorization Structure with Spatial-Temporal Connection9 Aug 2023
- 2023Cooperative Colorization: Exploring Latent Cross-Domain Priors for NIR Image Spectrum Translation7 Aug 2023
- 2023Brighten-and-Colorize: A Decoupled Network for Customized Low-Light Image Enhancement6 Aug 2023
- 2023DiffColor: Toward High Fidelity Text-Guided Image Colorization with Diffusion Models3 Aug 2023
- 2023UW-ProCCaps: UnderWater Progressive Colourisation with Capsules3 Jul 2023
- 2023Video Colorization with Pre-trained Text-to-Image Diffusion Models2 Jun 2023
- 2023DualVAE: Controlling Colours of Generated and Real Images30 May 2023
- 2023L-CAD: Language-based Colorization with Any-level Descriptions using Diffusion Priors24 May 2023
- 2023MMC: Multi-Modal Colorization of Images using Textual Descriptions24 Apr 2023
- 2023Improved Diffusion-based Image Colorization via Piggybacked Models21 Apr 2023
- 2023Modernizing Old Photos Using Multiple References via Photorealistic Style Transfer10 Apr 2023
- 2023SVCNet: Scribble-based Video Colorization Network with Temporal Aggregation21 Mar 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Deep Digital Staining For Microscopic Cell Images Via Knowledge Distillation3 Mar 2023
- 2022DDColor: Towards Photo-Realistic Image Colorization via Dual Decoders22 Dec 2022
- 2022BiSTNet: Semantic Image Prior Guided Bidirectional Temporal Feature Fusion for Deep Exemplar-based Video Colorization5 Dec 2022
- 2022CHIMLE: Conditional Hierarchical IMLE for Multimodal Conditional Image Synthesis25 Nov 2022
- 2022Guiding Users to Where to Give Color Hints for Efficient Interactive Sketch Colorization via Unsupervised Region Prioritization25 Oct 2022
- 2022PalGAN: Image Colorization with Palette Generative Adversarial Networks20 Oct 2022
- 2022UniColor: A Unified Framework for Multi-Modal Colorization with Transformer22 Sep 2022
- 2022ParaColorizer: Realistic Image Colorization using Parallel Generative Networks17 Aug 2022
50 newest of 76 All 76 (JSON)
- 2021Palette: Image-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1,296
- 2023Diffusing Colors: Image Colorization with Text Guided Diffusioncited by 25
- 2023Improved Diffusion-based Image Colorization via Piggybacked Modelscited by 15
- 2023Video Colorization with Pre-trained Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 11
- 2023L-CAD: Language-based Colorization with Any-level Descriptions using Diffusion Priorscited by 5
- 2023DiffColor: Toward High Fidelity Text-Guided Image Colorization with Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2024Multimodal Semantic-Aware Automatic Colorization with Diffusion Priorcited by 2
- 2023Fine-Tuning InstructPix2Pix for Advanced Image Colorizationcited by 1
- 2024LatentColorization: Latent Diffusion-Based Speaker Video Colorizationcited by 0
- 2026In-Token Learning for High-Fidelity Image Restoration via Diffusion Transformerscited by 0
- 2026In-Token Learning for High-Fidelity Image Restoration via Diffusion Transformers27 Sep 2026
- 2024LatentColorization: Latent Diffusion-Based Speaker Video Colorization9 May 2024
- 2024Multimodal Semantic-Aware Automatic Colorization with Diffusion Prior25 Apr 2024
- 2023Fine-Tuning InstructPix2Pix for Advanced Image Colorization8 Dec 2023
- 2023Diffusing Colors: Image Colorization with Text Guided Diffusion7 Dec 2023
- 2023DiffColor: Toward High Fidelity Text-Guided Image Colorization with Diffusion Models3 Aug 2023
- 2023Video Colorization with Pre-trained Text-to-Image Diffusion Models2 Jun 2023
- 2023L-CAD: Language-based Colorization with Any-level Descriptions using Diffusion Priors24 May 2023
- 2023Improved Diffusion-based Image Colorization via Piggybacked Models21 Apr 2023
- 2021Palette: Image-to-Image Diffusion Models10 Nov 2021
- 2021Towards Vivid and Diverse Image Colorization with Generative Color Priorcited by 55
- 2021Instance-wise Hard Negative Example Generation for Contrastive Learning in Unpaired Image-to-Image Translationcited by 45
- 2022DDColor: Towards Photo-Realistic Image Colorization via Dual Decoderscited by 36
- 2022BigColor: Colorization using a Generative Color Prior for Natural Imagescited by 34
- 2024Control Color: Multimodal Diffusion-based Interactive Image Colorizationcited by 33
- 2021Temporally Consistent Video Colorization with Deep Feature Propagation and Self-regularization Learningcited by 22
- 2022GLEAN: Generative Latent Bank for Image Super-Resolution and Beyondcited by 19
- 2022PalGAN: Image Colorization with Palette Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 15
- 2022BiSTNet: Semantic Image Prior Guided Bidirectional Temporal Feature Fusion for Deep Exemplar-based Video Colorizationcited by 13
- 2021VCGAN: Video Colorization with Hybrid Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 12
- 2021Deep Edge-Aware Interactive Colorization against Color-Bleeding Effectscited by 12
- 2021Contrastive Spatio-Temporal Pretext Learning for Self-supervised Video Representationcited by 11
12 most cited of 65 All 65 (JSON)
- 2026MCIQA-2K: A Multi-Dimensional Dataset and No-Reference Quality Assessment Benchmark for Colorized Images13 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Fixed Luminance: Towards Panchromatic and Orthochromatic Image Colorization11 Aug 2026
- 2026A Human-in-the-Loop Deep Learning Framework for Color Reconstruction of Lenticular Films3 Aug 2026
- 2026BBQ-to-Image: Numeric Bounding Box and Qolor Control in Large-Scale Text-to-Image Models24 Feb 2026
- 2025Prompt-based Consistent Video Colorization27 Nov 2025
- 2025T2T-VICL: Cross-Task Visual In-Context Learning via Implicit Text-Driven VLMs20 Nov 2025
- 2025PRevivor: Reviving Ancient Chinese Paintings using Prior-Guided Color Transformers3 Nov 2025
- 2025SSIMBaD: Sigma Scaling with SSIM-Guided Balanced Diffusion for AnimeFace Colorization4 Jun 2025
- 2025Digital Staining with Knowledge Distillation: A Unified Framework for Unpaired and Paired-But-Misaligned Data14 Apr 2025
- 2025Follow-Your-Color: Multi-Instance Sketch Colorization21 Mar 2025
- 2025Language-based Image Colorization: A Benchmark and Beyond19 Mar 2025
- 2024Enabling Region-Specific Control via Lassos in Point-Based Colorization18 Dec 2024
12 newest of 65 All 65 (JSON)