mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Unsupervised Discovery of Implicit Gender Bias

arXiv 2004.08361 ↗First posted 17 Apr 2020cs.CLcited by 34

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Abstract (arXiv)

Despite their prevalence in society, social biases are difficult to identify, primarily because human judgements in this domain can be unreliable. We take an unsupervised approach to identifying gender bias against women at a comment level and present a model that can surface text likely to contain bias. Our main challenge is forcing the model to focus on signs of implicit bias, rather than other artifacts in the data. Thus, our methodology involves reducing the influence of confounds through propensity matching and adversarial learning. Our analysis shows how biased comments directed towards female politicians contain mixed criticisms, while comments directed towards other female public figures focus on appearance and sexualization. Ultimately, our work offers a way to capture subtle biases in various domains without relying on subjective human judgements.

Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 10; 2023: 9; 2024: 4; 2025: 2.

34 papers.

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  1. 2022Language Generation Models Can Cause Harm: So What Can We Do About It? An Actionable Surveycited by 80
  2. 2021Controlled Text Generation as Continuous Optimization with Multiple Constraintscited by 70
  3. 2022Gradient-Based Constrained Sampling from Language Modelscited by 64
  4. 2021Uncovering Implicit Gender Bias in Narratives through Commonsense Inferencecited by 32
  5. 2023Sociodemographic Bias in Language Models: A Survey and Forward Pathcited by 27
  6. 2022SODAPOP: Open-Ended Discovery of Social Biases in Social Commonsense Reasoning Modelscited by 22
  7. 2023Gender Bias in BERT -- Measuring and Analysing Biases through Sentiment Rating in a Realistic Downstream Classification Taskcited by 21
  8. 2021Detecting Community Sensitive Norm Violations in Online Conversationscited by 18
  9. 2022Gendered Mental Health Stigma in Masked Language Modelscited by 17
  10. 2021Stepmothers are mean and academics are pretentious: What do pretrained language models learn about you?cited by 16
  11. 2022Causal Intervention Improves Implicit Sentiment Analysiscited by 16
  12. 2022Improving Generalizability in Implicitly Abusive Language Detection with Concept Activation Vectorscited by 14
22 more
  1. 2021Style Pooling: Automatic Text Style Obfuscation for Improved Classification Fairnesscited by 12
  2. 2023The Media Bias Taxonomy: A Systematic Literature Review on the Forms and Automated Detection of Media Biascited by 11
  3. 2024mCSQA: Multilingual Commonsense Reasoning Dataset with Unified Creation Strategy by Language Models and Humanscited by 10
  4. 2022Trustworthy Social Bias Measurementcited by 7
  5. 2021Social Norm Bias: Residual Harms of Fairness-Aware Algorithmscited by 6
  6. 2025What's Not Said Still Hurts: A Description-Based Evaluation Framework for Measuring Social Bias in LLMscited by 6
  7. 2021Quantifying Gender Biases Towards Politicians on Redditcited by 5
  8. 2023Transcending the "Male Code": Implicit Masculine Biases in NLP Contextscited by 5
  9. 2023How Prevalent is Gender Bias in ChatGPT? -- Exploring German and English ChatGPT Responsescited by 5
  10. 2022Undesirable Biases in NLP: Addressing Challenges of Measurementcited by 4
  11. 2023"I'm" Lost in Translation: Pronoun Missteps in Crowdsourced Data Setscited by 4
  12. 2023TaCo: Targeted Concept Erasure Prevents Non-Linear Classifiers From Detecting Protected Attributescited by 4
  13. 2022A Moral- and Event- Centric Inspection of Gender Bias in Fairy Tales at A Large Scalecited by 3
  14. 2023TalkUp: Paving the Way for Understanding Empowering Languagecited by 3
  15. 2021CO-STAR: Conceptualisation of Stereotypes for Analysis and Reasoningcited by 2
  16. 2024KTCR: Improving Implicit Hate Detection with Knowledge Transfer driven Concept Refinementcited by 2
  17. 2025Structured Reasoning for Fairness: A Multi-Agent Approach to Bias Detection in Textual Datacited by 2
  18. 2023Clinical Notes Reveal Physician Fatiguecited by 1
  19. 2024Who Speaks Matters: Analysing the Influence of the Speaker's Ethnicity on Hate Classificationcited by 1
  20. 2021#ContextMatters: Advantages and Limitations of Using Machine Learning to Support Women in Politicscited by 0
  21. 2022Religion and Spirituality on Social Media in the Aftermath of the Global Pandemiccited by 0
  22. 2024Advancing Fairness in Natural Language Processing: From Traditional Methods to Explainabilitycited by 0