Unraveling Meta-Learning: Understanding Feature Representations for Few-Shot Tasks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Meta-learning algorithms produce feature extractors which achieve state-of-the-art performance on few-shot classification. While the literature is rich with meta-learning methods, little is known about why the resulting feature extractors perform so well. We develop a better understanding of the underlying mechanics of meta-learning and the difference between models trained using meta-learning and models which are trained classically. In doing so, we introduce and verify several hypotheses for why meta-learned models perform better. Furthermore, we develop a regularizer which boosts the performance of standard training routines for few-shot classification. In many cases, our routine outperforms meta-learning while simultaneously running an order of magnitude faster.
Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Feb 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 15; 2022: 15; 2023: 6; 2024: 5; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.
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- 2022Task Residual for Tuning Vision-Language Modelscited by 123
- 2021Simpler is Better: Few-shot Semantic Segmentation with Classifier Weight Transformercited by 116
- 2024What makes unlearning hard and what to do about itcited by 89
- 2021Bridging Multi-Task Learning and Meta-Learning: Towards Efficient Training and Effective Adaptationcited by 50
- 2021Meta-Learning with Task-Adaptive Loss Function for Few-Shot Learningcited by 49
- 2021Shallow Bayesian Meta Learning for Real-World Few-Shot Recognitioncited by 48
- 2021Orthogonal Projection Losscited by 44
- 2023Reverse Engineering Self-Supervised Learningcited by 33
- 2021Binocular Mutual Learning for Improving Few-shot Classificationcited by 26
- 2022Deconfounded Representation Similarity for Comparison of Neural Networkscited by 19
- 2024Imperative Learning: A Self-supervised Neuro-Symbolic Learning Framework for Robot Autonomycited by 16
- 2021On sensitivity of meta-learning to support datacited by 15
35 more
- 2024Uncertainty Herding: One Active Learning Method for All Label Budgetscited by 15
- 2021A Representation Learning Perspective on the Importance of Train-Validation Splitting in Meta-Learningcited by 12
- 2021Meta-learning with negative learning ratescited by 11
- 2022Scalable PAC-Bayesian Meta-Learning via the PAC-Optimal Hyper-Posterior: From Theory to Practicecited by 11
- 2022The Curse of Low Task Diversity: On the Failure of Transfer Learning to Outperform MAML and Their Empirical Equivalencecited by 10
- 2023Open-Set Likelihood Maximization for Few-Shot Learningcited by 10
- 2021Bridging Few-Shot Learning and Adaptation: New Challenges of Support-Query Shiftcited by 9
- 2021MAML is a Noisy Contrastive Learner in Classificationcited by 9
- 2022FS-BAN: Born-Again Networks for Domain Generalization Few-Shot Classificationcited by 9
- 2022Generalization Bounds for Few-Shot Transfer Learning with Pretrained Classifierscited by 7
- 2026Contrastive Representation Shaping for LLM Unlearningcited by 7
- 2021A Channel Coding Benchmark for Meta-Learningcited by 6
- 2023Is Pre-training Truly Better Than Meta-Learning?cited by 6
- 2024BTBR: A Bayesian-Theory-Driven Probabilistic-Fuzzy Framework for Implicit Bias Removal in Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025Is Meta-Learning Out? Rethinking Unsupervised Few-Shot Classification with Limited Entropycited by 4
- 2021Towards Enabling Meta-Learning from Target Modelscited by 3
- 2026Directional Neural Collapse Explains Few-Shot Transfer in Self-Supervised Learningcited by 3
- 2022Meta-free few-shot learning via representation learning with weight averagingcited by 2
- 2022Model-Agnostic Few-Shot Open-Set Recognitioncited by 2
- 2022Improving Meta-Learning Generalization with Activation-Based Early-Stoppingcited by 2
- 2022Robust Meta-Representation Learning via Global Label Inference and Classificationcited by 2
- 2023Meta-Auxiliary Network for 3D GAN Inversioncited by 2
- 2021Meta-learning representations for clustering with infinite Gaussian mixture modelscited by 1
- 2021Meta-learning an Intermediate Representation for Few-shot Block-wise Prediction of Landslide Susceptibilitycited by 1
- 2022Negative Inner-Loop Learning Rates Learn Universal Featurescited by 1
- 2023Exploring Active Learning in Meta-Learning: Enhancing Context Set Labelingcited by 1
- 2022AutoProtoNet: Interpretability for Prototypical Networkscited by 0
- 2022Diagnosing and Remedying Shot Sensitivity with Cosine Few-Shot Learnerscited by 0
- 2022On the Subspace Structure of Gradient-Based Meta-Learningcited by 0
- 2022Not All Instances Contribute Equally: Instance-adaptive Class Representation Learning for Few-Shot Visual Recognitioncited by 0
- 2023Improving Generalization in Meta-Learning via Meta-Gradient Augmentationcited by 0
- 2024Unsupervised Meta-Learning via Dynamic Head and Heterogeneous Task Construction for Few-Shot Classificationcited by 0
- 2025Neural Coherence : Find higher performance to out-of-distribution tasks from few samplescited by 0
- 2026Information Theoretic Perspective on Representation Learningcited by 0
- 2026Which Tasks Survive Self-Supervised Learning?cited by 0
- 2026Which Tasks Survive Self-Supervised Learning?29 Sep 2026
- 2026Directional Neural Collapse Explains Few-Shot Transfer in Self-Supervised Learning3 Mar 2026
- 2026Contrastive Representation Shaping for LLM Unlearning29 Jan 2026
- 2026Information Theoretic Perspective on Representation Learning16 Jan 2026
- 2025Neural Coherence : Find higher performance to out-of-distribution tasks from few samples5 Dec 2025
- 2025Is Meta-Learning Out? Rethinking Unsupervised Few-Shot Classification with Limited Entropy16 Sep 2025
- 2024Uncertainty Herding: One Active Learning Method for All Label Budgets30 Dec 2024
- 2024Unsupervised Meta-Learning via Dynamic Head and Heterogeneous Task Construction for Few-Shot Classification3 Oct 2024
- 2024BTBR: A Bayesian-Theory-Driven Probabilistic-Fuzzy Framework for Implicit Bias Removal in Large Language Models20 Aug 2024
- 2024Imperative Learning: A Self-supervised Neuro-Symbolic Learning Framework for Robot Autonomy23 Jun 2024
- 2024What makes unlearning hard and what to do about it3 Jun 2024
- 2023Exploring Active Learning in Meta-Learning: Enhancing Context Set Labeling6 Nov 2023
35 more
- 2023Is Pre-training Truly Better Than Meta-Learning?24 Jun 2023
- 2023Improving Generalization in Meta-Learning via Meta-Gradient Augmentation14 Jun 2023
- 2023Reverse Engineering Self-Supervised Learning24 May 2023
- 2023Meta-Auxiliary Network for 3D GAN Inversion18 May 2023
- 2023Open-Set Likelihood Maximization for Few-Shot Learning20 Jan 2023
- 2022Generalization Bounds for Few-Shot Transfer Learning with Pretrained Classifiers23 Dec 2022
- 2022Robust Meta-Representation Learning via Global Label Inference and Classification22 Dec 2022
- 2022Task Residual for Tuning Vision-Language Models18 Nov 2022
- 2022Scalable PAC-Bayesian Meta-Learning via the PAC-Optimal Hyper-Posterior: From Theory to Practice14 Nov 2022
- 2022Not All Instances Contribute Equally: Instance-adaptive Class Representation Learning for Few-Shot Visual Recognition7 Sep 2022
- 2022FS-BAN: Born-Again Networks for Domain Generalization Few-Shot Classification23 Aug 2022
- 2022Improving Meta-Learning Generalization with Activation-Based Early-Stopping3 Aug 2022
- 2022The Curse of Low Task Diversity: On the Failure of Transfer Learning to Outperform MAML and Their Empirical Equivalence2 Aug 2022
- 2022On the Subspace Structure of Gradient-Based Meta-Learning8 Jul 2022
- 2022Diagnosing and Remedying Shot Sensitivity with Cosine Few-Shot Learners7 Jul 2022
- 2022Model-Agnostic Few-Shot Open-Set Recognition18 Jun 2022
- 2022Meta-free few-shot learning via representation learning with weight averaging26 Apr 2022
- 2022AutoProtoNet: Interpretability for Prototypical Networks2 Apr 2022
- 2022Negative Inner-Loop Learning Rates Learn Universal Features18 Mar 2022
- 2022Deconfounded Representation Similarity for Comparison of Neural Networks31 Jan 2022
- 2021On sensitivity of meta-learning to support data26 Oct 2021
- 2021Meta-Learning with Task-Adaptive Loss Function for Few-Shot Learning8 Oct 2021
- 2021Meta-learning an Intermediate Representation for Few-shot Block-wise Prediction of Landslide Susceptibility3 Oct 2021
- 2021Binocular Mutual Learning for Improving Few-shot Classification27 Aug 2021
- 2021Simpler is Better: Few-shot Semantic Segmentation with Classifier Weight Transformer6 Aug 2021
- 2021A Channel Coding Benchmark for Meta-Learning15 Jul 2021
- 2021A Representation Learning Perspective on the Importance of Train-Validation Splitting in Meta-Learning29 Jun 2021
- 2021MAML is a Noisy Contrastive Learner in Classification29 Jun 2021
- 2021Bridging Multi-Task Learning and Meta-Learning: Towards Efficient Training and Effective Adaptation16 Jun 2021
- 2021Bridging Few-Shot Learning and Adaptation: New Challenges of Support-Query Shift25 May 2021
- 2021Towards Enabling Meta-Learning from Target Models8 Apr 2021
- 2021Orthogonal Projection Loss25 Mar 2021
- 2021Meta-learning representations for clustering with infinite Gaussian mixture models1 Mar 2021
- 2021Meta-learning with negative learning rates1 Feb 2021
- 2021Shallow Bayesian Meta Learning for Real-World Few-Shot Recognition8 Jan 2021
- 2024What makes unlearning hard and what to do about itcited by 89
- 2026Contrastive Representation Shaping for LLM Unlearningcited by 7
- 2026Contrastive Representation Shaping for LLM Unlearning29 Jan 2026
- 2024What makes unlearning hard and what to do about it3 Jun 2024
- 2022Task Residual for Tuning Vision-Language Modelscited by 123
- 2022Task Residual for Tuning Vision-Language Models18 Nov 2022
- 2021Simpler is Better: Few-shot Semantic Segmentation with Classifier Weight Transformercited by 116
- 2021Bridging Multi-Task Learning and Meta-Learning: Towards Efficient Training and Effective Adaptationcited by 50
- 2021Meta-Learning with Task-Adaptive Loss Function for Few-Shot Learningcited by 49
- 2021Shallow Bayesian Meta Learning for Real-World Few-Shot Recognitioncited by 48
- 2021Orthogonal Projection Losscited by 44
- 2023Reverse Engineering Self-Supervised Learningcited by 33
- 2021Binocular Mutual Learning for Improving Few-shot Classificationcited by 26
- 2022Deconfounded Representation Similarity for Comparison of Neural Networkscited by 19
- 2021On sensitivity of meta-learning to support datacited by 15
- 2024Uncertainty Herding: One Active Learning Method for All Label Budgetscited by 15
- 2021A Representation Learning Perspective on the Importance of Train-Validation Splitting in Meta-Learningcited by 12
- 2021Meta-learning with negative learning ratescited by 11
12 most cited of 42 All 42 (JSON)
- 2026Which Tasks Survive Self-Supervised Learning?29 Sep 2026
- 2026Directional Neural Collapse Explains Few-Shot Transfer in Self-Supervised Learning3 Mar 2026
- 2026Information Theoretic Perspective on Representation Learning16 Jan 2026
- 2025Neural Coherence : Find higher performance to out-of-distribution tasks from few samples5 Dec 2025
- 2025Is Meta-Learning Out? Rethinking Unsupervised Few-Shot Classification with Limited Entropy16 Sep 2025
- 2024Uncertainty Herding: One Active Learning Method for All Label Budgets30 Dec 2024
- 2024BTBR: A Bayesian-Theory-Driven Probabilistic-Fuzzy Framework for Implicit Bias Removal in Large Language Models20 Aug 2024
- 2023Exploring Active Learning in Meta-Learning: Enhancing Context Set Labeling6 Nov 2023
- 2023Is Pre-training Truly Better Than Meta-Learning?24 Jun 2023
- 2023Improving Generalization in Meta-Learning via Meta-Gradient Augmentation14 Jun 2023
- 2023Reverse Engineering Self-Supervised Learning24 May 2023
- 2023Meta-Auxiliary Network for 3D GAN Inversion18 May 2023
12 newest of 42 All 42 (JSON)