ManyModalQA: Modality Disambiguation and QA over Diverse Inputs
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a new multimodal question answering challenge, ManyModalQA, in which an agent must answer a question by considering three distinct modalities: text, images, and tables. We collect our data by scraping Wikipedia and then utilize crowdsourcing to collect question-answer pairs. Our questions are ambiguous, in that the modality that contains the answer is not easily determined based solely upon the question. To demonstrate this ambiguity, we construct a modality selector (or disambiguator) network, and this model gets substantially lower accuracy on our challenge set, compared to existing datasets, indicating that our questions are more ambiguous. By analyzing this model, we investigate which words in the question are indicative of the modality. Next, we construct a simple baseline ManyModalQA model, which, based on the prediction from the modality selector, fires a corresponding pre-trained state-of-the-art unimodal QA model. We focus on providing the community with a new manymodal evaluation set and only provide a fine-tuning set, with the expectation that existing datasets and approaches will be transferred for most of the training, to encourage low-resource generalization without large, monolithic training sets for each new task. There is a significant gap between our baseline models and human performance; therefore, we hope that this challenge encourages research in end-to-end modality disambiguation and multimodal QA models, as well as transfer learning. Code and data available at: https://github.com/hannandarryl/ManyModalQA
Key facts. Cited by 38 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Jan 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 5; 2023: 10; 2024: 11; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
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- 2022MuRAG: Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generator for Open Question Answering over Images and Textcited by 216
- 2021MultiModalQA: Complex Question Answering over Text, Tables and Imagescited by 177
- 2021MultiBench: Multiscale Benchmarks for Multimodal Representation Learningcited by 143
- 2021WebQA: Multihop and Multimodal QAcited by 109
- 2024MileBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Long Contextcited by 86
- 2023Fine-tuning Multimodal LLMs to Follow Zero-shot Demonstrative Instructionscited by 76
- 2023EHRXQA: A Multi-Modal Question Answering Dataset for Electronic Health Records with Chest X-ray Imagescited by 53
- 2024MRAG-Bench: Vision-Centric Evaluation for Retrieval-Augmented Multimodal Modelscited by 41
- 2025KramaBench: A Benchmark for AI Systems on Data-to-Insight Pipelines over Data Lakescited by 30
- 2022Conversational Question Answering on Heterogeneous Sourcescited by 26
- 2023Unified Language Representation for Question Answering over Text, Tables, and Imagescited by 22
- 2021MuMuQA: Multimedia Multi-Hop News Question Answering via Cross-Media Knowledge Extraction and Groundingcited by 19
26 more
- 2021Effect of Visual Extensions on Natural Language Understanding in Vision-and-Language Modelscited by 18
- 2023MMHQA-ICL: Multimodal In-context Learning for Hybrid Question Answering over Text, Tables and Imagescited by 18
- 2024SnapNTell: Enhancing Entity-Centric Visual Question Answering with Retrieval Augmented Multimodal LLMcited by 18
- 2022DrugEHRQA: A Question Answering Dataset on Structured and Unstructured Electronic Health Records For Medicine Related Queriescited by 17
- 2022Multimodal Conversational AI: A Survey of Datasets and Approachescited by 16
- 2023A Symmetric Dual Encoding Dense Retrieval Framework for Knowledge-Intensive Visual Question Answeringcited by 14
- 2023MPMQA: Multimodal Question Answering on Product Manualscited by 10
- 2023Pre-Training Multi-Modal Dense Retrievers for Outside-Knowledge Visual Question Answeringcited by 10
- 2023MoqaGPT : Zero-Shot Multi-modal Open-domain Question Answering with Large Language Modelcited by 10
- 2024cPAPERS: A Dataset of Situated and Multimodal Interactive Conversations in Scientific Paperscited by 10
- 2025Memory-QA: Answering Recall Questions Based on Multimodal Memoriescited by 10
- 2024Exploring Hybrid Question Answering via Program-based Promptingcited by 8
- 2021Question Decomposition with Dependency Graphscited by 7
- 2023cTBLS: Augmenting Large Language Models with Conversational Tablescited by 7
- 2024FCMR: Robust Evaluation of Financial Cross-Modal Multi-Hop Reasoningcited by 7
- 2022OPERA: Harmonizing Task-Oriented Dialogs and Information Seeking Experiencecited by 5
- 2023Progressive Evidence Refinement for Open-domain Multimodal Retrieval Question Answeringcited by 5
- 2024CT2C-QA: Multimodal Question Answering over Chinese Text, Table and Chartcited by 4
- 2024iTBLS: A Dataset of Interactive Conversations Over Tabular Informationcited by 3
- 2024RA-BLIP: Multimodal Adaptive Retrieval-Augmented Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-trainingcited by 3
- 2025VLMT: Vision-Language Multimodal Transformer for Multimodal Multi-hop Question Answeringcited by 3
- 2021Echo-Reconstruction: Audio-Augmented 3D Scene Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2024Taming CLIP for Fine-grained and Structured Visual Understanding of Museum Exhibitscited by 2
- 2024Towards Robust Evaluation: A Comprehensive Taxonomy of Datasets and Metrics for Open Domain Question Answering in the Era of Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Beyond Single-Modal Analytics: A Framework for Integrating Heterogeneous LLM-Based Query Systems for Multi-Modal Datacited by 0
- 2026Evolution of Multimodal Question Answering: From Modality-Adaptive Extraction to Unified Language Representationcited by 0
- 2026Evolution of Multimodal Question Answering: From Modality-Adaptive Extraction to Unified Language Representation8 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Single-Modal Analytics: A Framework for Integrating Heterogeneous LLM-Based Query Systems for Multi-Modal Data2 Feb 2026
- 2025Memory-QA: Answering Recall Questions Based on Multimodal Memories22 Sep 2025
- 2025KramaBench: A Benchmark for AI Systems on Data-to-Insight Pipelines over Data Lakes6 Jun 2025
- 2025VLMT: Vision-Language Multimodal Transformer for Multimodal Multi-hop Question Answering11 Apr 2025
- 2024FCMR: Robust Evaluation of Financial Cross-Modal Multi-Hop Reasoning17 Dec 2024
- 2024CT2C-QA: Multimodal Question Answering over Chinese Text, Table and Chart28 Oct 2024
- 2024RA-BLIP: Multimodal Adaptive Retrieval-Augmented Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training18 Oct 2024
- 2024MRAG-Bench: Vision-Centric Evaluation for Retrieval-Augmented Multimodal Models10 Oct 2024
- 2024Taming CLIP for Fine-grained and Structured Visual Understanding of Museum Exhibits3 Sep 2024
- 2024Towards Robust Evaluation: A Comprehensive Taxonomy of Datasets and Metrics for Open Domain Question Answering in the Era of Large Language Models19 Jun 2024
- 2024cPAPERS: A Dataset of Situated and Multimodal Interactive Conversations in Scientific Papers12 Jun 2024
26 more
- 2024MileBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Long Context29 Apr 2024
- 2024iTBLS: A Dataset of Interactive Conversations Over Tabular Information19 Apr 2024
- 2024SnapNTell: Enhancing Entity-Centric Visual Question Answering with Retrieval Augmented Multimodal LLM7 Mar 2024
- 2024Exploring Hybrid Question Answering via Program-based Prompting16 Feb 2024
- 2023EHRXQA: A Multi-Modal Question Answering Dataset for Electronic Health Records with Chest X-ray Images28 Oct 2023
- 2023MoqaGPT : Zero-Shot Multi-modal Open-domain Question Answering with Large Language Model20 Oct 2023
- 2023Progressive Evidence Refinement for Open-domain Multimodal Retrieval Question Answering15 Oct 2023
- 2023MMHQA-ICL: Multimodal In-context Learning for Hybrid Question Answering over Text, Tables and Images9 Sep 2023
- 2023Fine-tuning Multimodal LLMs to Follow Zero-shot Demonstrative Instructions8 Aug 2023
- 2023Unified Language Representation for Question Answering over Text, Tables, and Images29 Jun 2023
- 2023Pre-Training Multi-Modal Dense Retrievers for Outside-Knowledge Visual Question Answering28 Jun 2023
- 2023A Symmetric Dual Encoding Dense Retrieval Framework for Knowledge-Intensive Visual Question Answering26 Apr 2023
- 2023MPMQA: Multimodal Question Answering on Product Manuals19 Apr 2023
- 2023cTBLS: Augmenting Large Language Models with Conversational Tables21 Mar 2023
- 2022MuRAG: Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generator for Open Question Answering over Images and Text6 Oct 2022
- 2022OPERA: Harmonizing Task-Oriented Dialogs and Information Seeking Experience24 Jun 2022
- 2022Multimodal Conversational AI: A Survey of Datasets and Approaches13 May 2022
- 2022DrugEHRQA: A Question Answering Dataset on Structured and Unstructured Electronic Health Records For Medicine Related Queries3 May 2022
- 2022Conversational Question Answering on Heterogeneous Sources25 Apr 2022
- 2021MuMuQA: Multimedia Multi-Hop News Question Answering via Cross-Media Knowledge Extraction and Grounding20 Dec 2021
- 2021Echo-Reconstruction: Audio-Augmented 3D Scene Reconstruction5 Oct 2021
- 2021WebQA: Multihop and Multimodal QA1 Sep 2021
- 2021MultiBench: Multiscale Benchmarks for Multimodal Representation Learning15 Jul 2021
- 2021Question Decomposition with Dependency Graphs17 Apr 2021
- 2021Effect of Visual Extensions on Natural Language Understanding in Vision-and-Language Models16 Apr 2021
- 2021MultiModalQA: Complex Question Answering over Text, Tables and Images13 Apr 2021
- 2024MileBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Long Contextcited by 86
- 2023Fine-tuning Multimodal LLMs to Follow Zero-shot Demonstrative Instructionscited by 76
- 2024SnapNTell: Enhancing Entity-Centric Visual Question Answering with Retrieval Augmented Multimodal LLMcited by 18
- 2024RA-BLIP: Multimodal Adaptive Retrieval-Augmented Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-trainingcited by 3
- 2024RA-BLIP: Multimodal Adaptive Retrieval-Augmented Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training18 Oct 2024
- 2024MileBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Long Context29 Apr 2024
- 2024SnapNTell: Enhancing Entity-Centric Visual Question Answering with Retrieval Augmented Multimodal LLM7 Mar 2024
- 2023Fine-tuning Multimodal LLMs to Follow Zero-shot Demonstrative Instructions8 Aug 2023
- 2021MultiModalQA: Complex Question Answering over Text, Tables and Imagescited by 177
- 2021MultiBench: Multiscale Benchmarks for Multimodal Representation Learningcited by 143
- 2021WebQA: Multihop and Multimodal QAcited by 109
- 2023EHRXQA: A Multi-Modal Question Answering Dataset for Electronic Health Records with Chest X-ray Imagescited by 53
- 2025KramaBench: A Benchmark for AI Systems on Data-to-Insight Pipelines over Data Lakescited by 30
- 2022Conversational Question Answering on Heterogeneous Sourcescited by 26
- 2023Unified Language Representation for Question Answering over Text, Tables, and Imagescited by 22
- 2021MuMuQA: Multimedia Multi-Hop News Question Answering via Cross-Media Knowledge Extraction and Groundingcited by 19
- 2021Effect of Visual Extensions on Natural Language Understanding in Vision-and-Language Modelscited by 18
- 2023MMHQA-ICL: Multimodal In-context Learning for Hybrid Question Answering over Text, Tables and Imagescited by 18
- 2022DrugEHRQA: A Question Answering Dataset on Structured and Unstructured Electronic Health Records For Medicine Related Queriescited by 17
- 2022Multimodal Conversational AI: A Survey of Datasets and Approachescited by 16
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026Evolution of Multimodal Question Answering: From Modality-Adaptive Extraction to Unified Language Representation8 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Single-Modal Analytics: A Framework for Integrating Heterogeneous LLM-Based Query Systems for Multi-Modal Data2 Feb 2026
- 2025Memory-QA: Answering Recall Questions Based on Multimodal Memories22 Sep 2025
- 2025KramaBench: A Benchmark for AI Systems on Data-to-Insight Pipelines over Data Lakes6 Jun 2025
- 2025VLMT: Vision-Language Multimodal Transformer for Multimodal Multi-hop Question Answering11 Apr 2025
- 2024CT2C-QA: Multimodal Question Answering over Chinese Text, Table and Chart28 Oct 2024
- 2024Taming CLIP for Fine-grained and Structured Visual Understanding of Museum Exhibits3 Sep 2024
- 2024Towards Robust Evaluation: A Comprehensive Taxonomy of Datasets and Metrics for Open Domain Question Answering in the Era of Large Language Models19 Jun 2024
- 2024cPAPERS: A Dataset of Situated and Multimodal Interactive Conversations in Scientific Papers12 Jun 2024
- 2024iTBLS: A Dataset of Interactive Conversations Over Tabular Information19 Apr 2024
- 2024Exploring Hybrid Question Answering via Program-based Prompting16 Feb 2024
- 2023EHRXQA: A Multi-Modal Question Answering Dataset for Electronic Health Records with Chest X-ray Images28 Oct 2023
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)