Options of Interest: Temporal Abstraction with Interest Functions
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Abstract (arXiv)
Temporal abstraction refers to the ability of an agent to use behaviours of controllers which act for a limited, variable amount of time. The options framework describes such behaviours as consisting of a subset of states in which they can initiate, an internal policy and a stochastic termination condition. However, much of the subsequent work on option discovery has ignored the initiation set, because of difficulty in learning it from data. We provide a generalization of initiation sets suitable for general function approximation, by defining an interest function associated with an option. We derive a gradient-based learning algorithm for interest functions, leading to a new interest-option-critic architecture. We investigate how interest functions can be leveraged to learn interpretable and reusable temporal abstractions. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach through quantitative and qualitative results, in both discrete and continuous environments.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Jan 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 7; 2023: 5; 2024: 7; 2025: 3; 2026: 5.
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- 2023Motif: Intrinsic Motivation from Artificial Intelligence Feedbackcited by 99
- 2024Code as Reward: Empowering Reinforcement Learning with VLMscited by 38
- 2023Deep Laplacian-based Options for Temporally-Extended Explorationcited by 28
- 2021Flexible Option Learningcited by 24
- 2024MaestroMotif: Skill Design from Artificial Intelligence Feedbackcited by 24
- 2023Semantic HELM: A Human-Readable Memory for Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
- 2021Temporally Abstract Partial Modelscited by 11
- 2024SkiLD: Unsupervised Skill Discovery Guided by Factor Interactionscited by 9
- 2021Context-Specific Representation Abstraction for Deep Option Learningcited by 8
- 2022Attention Option-Criticcited by 8
- 2022Bayesian Nonparametrics for Offline Skill Discoverycited by 5
- 2024Autonomous Option Invention for Continual Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning and Planningcited by 4
18 more
- 2022Priors, Hierarchy, and Information Asymmetry for Skill Transfer in Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2022Toward Discovering Options that Achieve Faster Planningcited by 3
- 2022The Paradox of Choice: Using Attention in Hierarchical Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
- 2023Machine Learning Meets Advanced Robotic Manipulationcited by 2
- 2024Toward Human-AI Alignment in Large-Scale Multi-Player Gamescited by 2
- 2024Subgoal Discovery Using a Free Energy Paradigm and State Aggregationscited by 1
- 2025Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning in Multi-Goal Spatial Navigation with Autonomous Mobile Robotscited by 1
- 2022Coordinating Policies Among Multiple Agents via an Intelligent Communication Channelcited by 0
- 2022Reusable Options through Gradient-based Meta Learningcited by 0
- 2023Discerning Temporal Difference Learningcited by 0
- 2024Temporal Abstraction in Reinforcement Learning with Offline Datacited by 0
- 2025Learning Temporal Abstractions via Variational Homomorphisms in Option-Induced Abstract MDPscited by 0
- 2025Realizable Abstractions: Near-Optimal Hierarchical Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2026CRoSS: A Continual Robotic Simulation Suite for Scalable Reinforcement Learning with High Task Diversity and Realistic Physics Simulationcited by 0
- 2026Enabling Option Learning in Sparse Rewards with Hindsight Experience Replaycited by 0
- 2026Learning Multi-Timescale Abstractions for Hierarchical Combinatorial Planningcited by 0
- 2026When Do Options Help? Policy Necrosis and Redundant Coverage in Option-Criticcited by 0
- 2026Up and Down the Abstraction Ladder: Code-Based Skills for Language Agentscited by 0
- 2026Up and Down the Abstraction Ladder: Code-Based Skills for Language Agents25 Sep 2026
- 2026When Do Options Help? Policy Necrosis and Redundant Coverage in Option-Critic30 Aug 2026
- 2026Learning Multi-Timescale Abstractions for Hierarchical Combinatorial Planning16 May 2026
- 2026Enabling Option Learning in Sparse Rewards with Hindsight Experience Replay14 Feb 2026
- 2026CRoSS: A Continual Robotic Simulation Suite for Scalable Reinforcement Learning with High Task Diversity and Realistic Physics Simulation4 Feb 2026
- 2025Realizable Abstractions: Near-Optimal Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning4 Dec 2025
- 2025Learning Temporal Abstractions via Variational Homomorphisms in Option-Induced Abstract MDPs22 Jul 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning in Multi-Goal Spatial Navigation with Autonomous Mobile Robots26 Apr 2025
- 2024Subgoal Discovery Using a Free Energy Paradigm and State Aggregations21 Dec 2024
- 2024Autonomous Option Invention for Continual Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning and Planning20 Dec 2024
- 2024MaestroMotif: Skill Design from Artificial Intelligence Feedback11 Dec 2024
- 2024SkiLD: Unsupervised Skill Discovery Guided by Factor Interactions24 Oct 2024
18 more
- 2024Temporal Abstraction in Reinforcement Learning with Offline Data21 Jul 2024
- 2024Code as Reward: Empowering Reinforcement Learning with VLMs7 Feb 2024
- 2024Toward Human-AI Alignment in Large-Scale Multi-Player Games5 Feb 2024
- 2023Discerning Temporal Difference Learning12 Oct 2023
- 2023Motif: Intrinsic Motivation from Artificial Intelligence Feedback29 Sep 2023
- 2023Machine Learning Meets Advanced Robotic Manipulation22 Sep 2023
- 2023Semantic HELM: A Human-Readable Memory for Reinforcement Learning15 Jun 2023
- 2023Deep Laplacian-based Options for Temporally-Extended Exploration26 Jan 2023
- 2022Reusable Options through Gradient-based Meta Learning22 Dec 2022
- 2022Toward Discovering Options that Achieve Faster Planning25 May 2022
- 2022Coordinating Policies Among Multiple Agents via an Intelligent Communication Channel21 May 2022
- 2022Bayesian Nonparametrics for Offline Skill Discovery9 Feb 2022
- 2022The Paradox of Choice: Using Attention in Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning24 Jan 2022
- 2022Priors, Hierarchy, and Information Asymmetry for Skill Transfer in Reinforcement Learning20 Jan 2022
- 2022Attention Option-Critic7 Jan 2022
- 2021Flexible Option Learning6 Dec 2021
- 2021Context-Specific Representation Abstraction for Deep Option Learning20 Sep 2021
- 2021Temporally Abstract Partial Models6 Aug 2021
- 2024Code as Reward: Empowering Reinforcement Learning with VLMscited by 38
- 2022Bayesian Nonparametrics for Offline Skill Discoverycited by 5
- 2022Bayesian Nonparametrics for Offline Skill Discovery9 Feb 2022
- 2023Motif: Intrinsic Motivation from Artificial Intelligence Feedbackcited by 99
- 2023Deep Laplacian-based Options for Temporally-Extended Explorationcited by 28
- 2021Flexible Option Learningcited by 24
- 2024MaestroMotif: Skill Design from Artificial Intelligence Feedbackcited by 24
- 2023Semantic HELM: A Human-Readable Memory for Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
- 2021Temporally Abstract Partial Modelscited by 11
- 2024SkiLD: Unsupervised Skill Discovery Guided by Factor Interactionscited by 9
- 2021Context-Specific Representation Abstraction for Deep Option Learningcited by 8
- 2022Attention Option-Criticcited by 8
- 2024Autonomous Option Invention for Continual Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning and Planningcited by 4
- 2022Priors, Hierarchy, and Information Asymmetry for Skill Transfer in Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2022Toward Discovering Options that Achieve Faster Planningcited by 3
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026When Do Options Help? Policy Necrosis and Redundant Coverage in Option-Critic30 Aug 2026
- 2026Enabling Option Learning in Sparse Rewards with Hindsight Experience Replay14 Feb 2026
- 2026CRoSS: A Continual Robotic Simulation Suite for Scalable Reinforcement Learning with High Task Diversity and Realistic Physics Simulation4 Feb 2026
- 2025Realizable Abstractions: Near-Optimal Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning4 Dec 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning in Multi-Goal Spatial Navigation with Autonomous Mobile Robots26 Apr 2025
- 2024Subgoal Discovery Using a Free Energy Paradigm and State Aggregations21 Dec 2024
- 2024Autonomous Option Invention for Continual Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning and Planning20 Dec 2024
- 2024MaestroMotif: Skill Design from Artificial Intelligence Feedback11 Dec 2024
- 2024SkiLD: Unsupervised Skill Discovery Guided by Factor Interactions24 Oct 2024
- 2024Temporal Abstraction in Reinforcement Learning with Offline Data21 Jul 2024
- 2024Toward Human-AI Alignment in Large-Scale Multi-Player Games5 Feb 2024
- 2023Discerning Temporal Difference Learning12 Oct 2023
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)