A Re-evaluation of Knowledge Graph Completion Methods
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Abstract (arXiv)
Knowledge Graph Completion (KGC) aims at automatically predicting missing links for large-scale knowledge graphs. A vast number of state-of-the-art KGC techniques have got published at top conferences in several research fields, including data mining, machine learning, and natural language processing. However, we notice that several recent papers report very high performance, which largely outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods. In this paper, we find that this can be attributed to the inappropriate evaluation protocol used by them and propose a simple evaluation protocol to address this problem. The proposed protocol is robust to handle bias in the model, which can substantially affect the final results. We conduct extensive experiments and report the performance of several existing methods using our protocol. The reproducible code has been made publicly available
Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Nov 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 19; 2022: 22; 2023: 14; 2024: 5; 2025: 7; 2026: 6.
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- 2021Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Relational Digraphcited by 92
- 2023Evaluating Graph Neural Networks for Link Prediction: Current Pitfalls and New Benchmarkingcited by 69
- 2022A Decade of Knowledge Graphs in Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 40
- 2021Relation Prediction as an Auxiliary Training Objective for Improving Multi-Relational Graph Representationscited by 37
- 2021Neuro-Symbolic Inductive Logic Programming with Logical Neural Networkscited by 36
- 2024TGB 2.0: A Benchmark for Learning on Temporal Knowledge Graphs and Heterogeneous Graphscited by 36
- 2022Knowledge Is Flat: A Seq2Seq Generative Framework for Various Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 32
- 2023IMF: Interactive Multimodal Fusion Model for Link Predictioncited by 28
- 2021Cycle Representation Learning for Inductive Relation Predictioncited by 23
- 2021End-to-End NLP Knowledge Graph Constructioncited by 21
- 2022Rethinking Graph Convolutional Networks in Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 20
- 2021BiQUE: Biquaternionic Embeddings of Knowledge Graphscited by 19
38 more
- 2022Efficient Federated Learning on Knowledge Graphs via Privacy-preserving Relation Embedding Aggregationcited by 18
- 2021How Does Knowledge Graph Embedding Extrapolate to Unseen Data: A Semantic Evidence Viewcited by 17
- 2022Rethinking Knowledge Graph Evaluation Under the Open-World Assumptioncited by 17
- 2024History repeats Itself: A Baseline for Temporal Knowledge Graph Forecastingcited by 15
- 2021Trans4E: Link Prediction on Scholarly Knowledge Graphscited by 13
- 2022ReFactor GNNs: Revisiting Factorisation-based Models from a Message-Passing Perspectivecited by 12
- 2022Neural Graph Databasescited by 11
- 2022KRACL: Contrastive Learning with Graph Context Modeling for Sparse Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 10
- 2023Sem@K: Is my knowledge graph embedding model semantic-aware?cited by 10
- 2021HopfE: Knowledge Graph Representation Learning using Inverse Hopf Fibrationscited by 9
- 2021r-GAT: Relational Graph Attention Network for Multi-Relational Graphscited by 9
- 2022RotateQVS: Representing Temporal Information as Rotations in Quaternion Vector Space for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 9
- 2022GreenKGC: A Lightweight Knowledge Graph Completion Methodcited by 9
- 2023Friendly Neighbors: Contextualized Sequence-to-Sequence Link Predictioncited by 9
- 2021Self-attention Presents Low-dimensional Knowledge Graph Embeddings for Link Predictioncited by 8
- 2021Combining Rules and Embeddings via Neuro-Symbolic AI for Knowledge Base Completioncited by 7
- 2021Explainable Biomedical Recommendations via Reinforcement Learning Reasoning on Knowledge Graphscited by 7
- 2022Duality-Induced Regularizer for Semantic Matching Knowledge Graph Embeddingscited by 7
- 2022KGTuner: Efficient Hyper-parameter Search for Knowledge Graph Learningcited by 7
- 2022Re-thinking Knowledge Graph Completion Evaluation from an Information Retrieval Perspectivecited by 7
- 2023Knowledge Base Completion for Long-Tail Entitiescited by 7
- 2022Are Message Passing Neural Networks Really Helpful for Knowledge Graph Completion?cited by 6
- 2024KGValidator: A Framework for Automatic Validation of Knowledge Graph Constructioncited by 5
- 2021Ranking vs. Classifying: Measuring Knowledge Base Completion Qualitycited by 4
- 2021Rule Induction in Knowledge Graphs Using Linear Programmingcited by 4
- 2022KGxBoard: Explainable and Interactive Leaderboard for Evaluation of Knowledge Graph Completion Modelscited by 4
- 2022MEIM: Multi-partition Embedding Interaction Beyond Block Term Format for Efficient and Expressive Link Predictioncited by 4
- 2023Exploring & Exploiting High-Order Graph Structure for Sparse Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 4
- 2023Reviving the Context: Camera Trap Species Classification as Link Prediction on Multimodal Knowledge Graphscited by 4
- 2021A Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion Method Based on Balanced Timestamp Distributioncited by 2
- 2021What is Learned in Knowledge Graph Embeddings?cited by 2
- 2022ModulE: Module Embedding for Knowledge Graphscited by 2
- 2022StarGraph: Knowledge Representation Learning based on Incomplete Two-hop Subgraphcited by 2
- 2022Efficient Relation-aware Neighborhood Aggregation in Graph Neural Networks via Tensor Decompositioncited by 2
- 2023Pre-training Transformers for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 2
- 2023Revisiting Inferential Benchmarks for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 2
- 2023Event Prediction using Case-Based Reasoning over Knowledge Graphscited by 2
- 2025DuetGraph: Coarse-to-Fine Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Dual-Pathway Global-Local Fusioncited by 2
50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)
- 2026Temporal Knowledge Graph Forecasting under Distribution Shifts: A Synthetic Evaluation10 Jul 2026
- 2026Recipe-Controlled Decoder Audit for Structural Knowledge-Graph Completion12 Jun 2026
- 2026When Metrics Disagree: A Meta-Analysis of Knowledge-Graph-Completion Model Benchmarking9 Jun 2026
- 2026PROBE-Web: An Interactive System for Probing Evaluation Landscapes of Knowledge Graph Completion Models8 Jun 2026
- 2026Generalized Rank-based Evaluation for Knowledge Graph Completion: Perspectives, Framework, and Analyses8 Jun 2026
- 2026Strikingness-Aware Evaluation for Temporal Knowledge Graph Reasoning13 May 2026
- 2025How Sharp and Bias-Robust is a Model? Dual Evaluation Perspectives on Knowledge Graph Completion6 Dec 2025
- 2025FusionAdapter for Few-Shot Relation Learning in Multimodal Knowledge Graphs1 Oct 2025
- 2025CountTRuCoLa: Rule Learning for Interpretable Temporal Knowledge Graph Forecasting11 Sep 2025
- 2025GLIDR: Graph-Like Inductive Logic Programming with Differentiable Reasoning8 Aug 2025
- 2025DuetGraph: Coarse-to-Fine Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Dual-Pathway Global-Local Fusion15 Jul 2025
- 2025Higher-Order Graph Databases24 Jun 2025
38 more
- 2025Enhancing Knowledge Graph Completion with Entity Neighborhood and Relation Context29 Mar 2025
- 2024Expanding the Scope: Inductive Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Multi-Starting Progressive Propagation15 Jul 2024
- 2024TGB 2.0: A Benchmark for Learning on Temporal Knowledge Graphs and Heterogeneous Graphs14 Jun 2024
- 2024History repeats Itself: A Baseline for Temporal Knowledge Graph Forecasting25 Apr 2024
- 2024KGValidator: A Framework for Automatic Validation of Knowledge Graph Construction24 Apr 2024
- 2024Progressive Knowledge Graph Completion15 Apr 2024
- 2023Reviving the Context: Camera Trap Species Classification as Link Prediction on Multimodal Knowledge Graphs31 Dec 2023
- 2023Event Prediction using Case-Based Reasoning over Knowledge Graphs21 Sep 2023
- 2023Replace Scoring with Arrangement: A Contextual Set-to-Arrangement Framework for Learning-to-Rank5 Aug 2023
- 2023Knowledge Base Completion for Long-Tail Entities30 Jun 2023
- 2023Exploring & Exploiting High-Order Graph Structure for Sparse Knowledge Graph Completion29 Jun 2023
- 2023Evaluating Graph Neural Networks for Link Prediction: Current Pitfalls and New Benchmarking18 Jun 2023
- 2023DsMtGCN: A Direction-sensitive Multi-task framework for Knowledge Graph Completion17 Jun 2023
- 2023Contextual Dictionary Lookup for Knowledge Graph Completion13 Jun 2023
- 2023Revisiting Inferential Benchmarks for Knowledge Graph Completion7 Jun 2023
- 2023Friendly Neighbors: Contextualized Sequence-to-Sequence Link Prediction22 May 2023
- 2023Pre-training Transformers for Knowledge Graph Completion28 Mar 2023
- 2023IMF: Interactive Multimodal Fusion Model for Link Prediction20 Mar 2023
- 2023Can Persistent Homology provide an efficient alternative for Evaluation of Knowledge Graph Completion Methods?30 Jan 2023
- 2023Sem@K: Is my knowledge graph embedding model semantic-aware?13 Jan 2023
- 2022Efficient Relation-aware Neighborhood Aggregation in Graph Neural Networks via Tensor Decomposition11 Dec 2022
- 2022ZeroKBC: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Zero-Shot Knowledge Base Completion6 Dec 2022
- 2022A Decade of Knowledge Graphs in Natural Language Processing: A Survey30 Sep 2022
- 2022MEIM: Multi-partition Embedding Interaction Beyond Block Term Format for Efficient and Expressive Link Prediction30 Sep 2022
- 2022Neural Graph Databases20 Sep 2022
- 2022Rethinking Knowledge Graph Evaluation Under the Open-World Assumption19 Sep 2022
- 2022Knowledge Is Flat: A Seq2Seq Generative Framework for Various Knowledge Graph Completion15 Sep 2022
- 2022KGxBoard: Explainable and Interactive Leaderboard for Evaluation of Knowledge Graph Completion Models23 Aug 2022
- 2022GreenKGC: A Lightweight Knowledge Graph Completion Method19 Aug 2022
- 2022KRACL: Contrastive Learning with Graph Context Modeling for Sparse Knowledge Graph Completion16 Aug 2022
- 2022ReFactor GNNs: Revisiting Factorisation-based Models from a Message-Passing Perspective20 Jul 2022
- 2022VEM2L: A Plug-and-play Framework for Fusing Text and Structure Knowledge on Sparse Knowledge Graph Completion4 Jul 2022
- 2022StarGraph: Knowledge Representation Learning based on Incomplete Two-hop Subgraph27 May 2022
- 2022Are Message Passing Neural Networks Really Helpful for Knowledge Graph Completion?21 May 2022
- 2022Re-thinking Knowledge Graph Completion Evaluation from an Information Retrieval Perspective9 May 2022
- 2022KGTuner: Efficient Hyper-parameter Search for Knowledge Graph Learning5 May 2022
- 2022SpaceE: Knowledge Graph Embedding by Relational Linear Transformation in the Entity Space21 Apr 2022
- 2022Duality-Induced Regularizer for Semantic Matching Knowledge Graph Embeddings24 Mar 2022
50 newest of 73 All 73 (JSON)
- 2021Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Relational Digraphcited by 92
- 2023Evaluating Graph Neural Networks for Link Prediction: Current Pitfalls and New Benchmarkingcited by 69
- 2022A Decade of Knowledge Graphs in Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 40
- 2021Relation Prediction as an Auxiliary Training Objective for Improving Multi-Relational Graph Representationscited by 37
- 2021Neuro-Symbolic Inductive Logic Programming with Logical Neural Networkscited by 36
- 2024TGB 2.0: A Benchmark for Learning on Temporal Knowledge Graphs and Heterogeneous Graphscited by 36
- 2022Knowledge Is Flat: A Seq2Seq Generative Framework for Various Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 32
- 2023IMF: Interactive Multimodal Fusion Model for Link Predictioncited by 28
- 2021Cycle Representation Learning for Inductive Relation Predictioncited by 23
- 2021End-to-End NLP Knowledge Graph Constructioncited by 21
- 2022Rethinking Graph Convolutional Networks in Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 20
- 2021BiQUE: Biquaternionic Embeddings of Knowledge Graphscited by 19
12 most cited of 71 All 71 (JSON)
- 2026Temporal Knowledge Graph Forecasting under Distribution Shifts: A Synthetic Evaluation10 Jul 2026
- 2026Recipe-Controlled Decoder Audit for Structural Knowledge-Graph Completion12 Jun 2026
- 2026When Metrics Disagree: A Meta-Analysis of Knowledge-Graph-Completion Model Benchmarking9 Jun 2026
- 2026PROBE-Web: An Interactive System for Probing Evaluation Landscapes of Knowledge Graph Completion Models8 Jun 2026
- 2026Strikingness-Aware Evaluation for Temporal Knowledge Graph Reasoning13 May 2026
- 2025How Sharp and Bias-Robust is a Model? Dual Evaluation Perspectives on Knowledge Graph Completion6 Dec 2025
- 2025FusionAdapter for Few-Shot Relation Learning in Multimodal Knowledge Graphs1 Oct 2025
- 2025CountTRuCoLa: Rule Learning for Interpretable Temporal Knowledge Graph Forecasting11 Sep 2025
- 2025GLIDR: Graph-Like Inductive Logic Programming with Differentiable Reasoning8 Aug 2025
- 2025DuetGraph: Coarse-to-Fine Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Dual-Pathway Global-Local Fusion15 Jul 2025
- 2025Higher-Order Graph Databases24 Jun 2025
- 2025Enhancing Knowledge Graph Completion with Entity Neighborhood and Relation Context29 Mar 2025
12 newest of 71 All 71 (JSON)