acados: a modular open-source framework for fast embedded optimal control
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents the acados software package, a collection of solvers for fast embedded optimization intended for fast embedded applications. Its interfaces to higher-level languages make it useful for quickly designing an optimization-based control algorithm by putting together different algorithmic components that can be readily connected and interchanged. Since the core of acados is written on top of a high-performance linear algebra library, we do not sacrifice computational performance. Thus, we aim to provide both flexibility and performance through modularity, without the need to rely on automatic code generation, which facilitates maintainability and extensibility. The main features of acados are: efficient optimal control algorithms targeting embedded devices implemented in C, linear algebra based on the high-performance BLASFEO library, user-friendly interfaces to Matlab and Python, and compatibility with the modeling language of CasADi. acados is free and open-source software released under the permissive BSD 2-Clause license.
Key facts. Cited by 68 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Oct 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 9; 2024: 11; 2025: 23; 2026: 20.
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- 2022Real-time Neural-MPC: Deep Learning Model Predictive Control for Quadrotors and Agile Robotic Platformscited by 41
- 2025Synthesis of Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning: Survey and Classificationcited by 26
- 2024Safety Filtering While Training: Improving the Performance and Sample Efficiency of Reinforcement Learning Agentscited by 17
- 2024SOUS VIDE: Cooking Visual Drone Navigation Policies in a Gaussian Splatting Vacuumcited by 16
- 2023Learning for CasADi: Data-driven Models in Numerical Optimizationcited by 15
- 2022Active Learning of Discrete-Time Dynamics for Uncertainty-Aware Model Predictive Controlcited by 13
- 2025SICNav-Diffusion: Safe and Interactive Crowd Navigation with Diffusion Trajectory Predictionscited by 11
- 2025UMI-on-Air: Embodiment-Aware Guidance for Embodiment-Agnostic Visuomotor Policiescited by 11
- 2023Approximate non-linear model predictive control with safety-augmented neural networkscited by 9
- 2024Safe Guaranteed Exploration for Non-linear Systemscited by 8
- 2024Parameter-Adaptive Approximate MPC: Tuning Neural-Network Controllers without Retrainingcited by 7
- 2026Safety Beyond the Training Data: Robust Out-of-Distribution MPC via Conformalized System Level Synthesiscited by 7
38 more
- 2026π, But Make It Fly: Physics-Guided Transfer of VLA Models to Aerial Manipulationcited by 7
- 2023Adaptive Stochastic Nonlinear Model Predictive Control with Look-ahead Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Vehicle Motion Controlcited by 6
- 2024AC4MPC: Actor-Critic Reinforcement Learning for Nonlinear Model Predictive Controlcited by 6
- 2024Towards safe and tractable Gaussian process-based MPC: Efficient sampling within a sequential quadratic programming frameworkcited by 6
- 2025Differentiable Nonlinear Model Predictive Controlcited by 6
- 2025SINGER: An Onboard Generalist Vision-Language Navigation Policy for Dronescited by 6
- 2022Handling Sparse Rewards in Reinforcement Learning Using Model Predictive Controlcited by 5
- 2023Imitation Learning from Nonlinear MPC via the Exact Q-Loss and its Gauss-Newton Approximationcited by 5
- 2025Finite-Sample-Based Reachability for Safe Control with Gaussian Process Dynamicscited by 5
- 2022Zero-Order Optimization for Gaussian Process-based Model Predictive Controlcited by 4
- 2023RLtools: A Fast, Portable Deep Reinforcement Learning Library for Continuous Controlcited by 4
- 2023Neural Potential Field for Obstacle-Aware Local Motion Planningcited by 4
- 2022Safe Imitation Learning of Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Flexible Robotscited by 3
- 2023Introducing a Deep Neural Network-based Model Predictive Control Framework for Rapid Controller Implementationcited by 3
- 2025Drive Fast, Learn Faster: On-Board RL for High Performance Autonomous Racingcited by 3
- 2026VISION-SLS: Safe Perception-Based Control from Learned Visual Representations via System Level Synthesiscited by 3
- 2024Flying Quadrotors in Tight Formations using Learning-based Model Predictive Controlcited by 2
- 2025MPC4RL -- A Software Package for Reinforcement Learning based on Model Predictive Controlcited by 2
- 2025Context-Aware Deep Lagrangian Networks for Model Predictive Controlcited by 2
- 2025Zero-Shot Transferable Solution Method for Parametric Optimal Control Problemscited by 2
- 2026TurboMPC: Fast, Scalable, and Differentiable Model Predictive Control on the GPUcited by 2
- 2023Modular Control Architecture for Safe Marine Navigation: Reinforcement Learning and Predictive Safety Filterscited by 1
- 2024Reinforcement Learning Compensated Model Predictive Control for Off-road Driving on Unknown Deformable Terraincited by 1
- 2025On learning racing policies with reinforcement learningcited by 1
- 2025Online Adaptation for Flying Quadrotors in Tight Formationscited by 1
- 2025NOVA: Navigation via Object-Centric Visual Autonomy for High-Speed Target Tracking in Unstructured GPS-Denied Environmentscited by 1
- 2025Learning Agile Gate Traversal via Analytical Optimal Policy Gradientcited by 1
- 2025Safe and Near-Optimal Control with Online Dynamics Learningcited by 1
- 2026Crazyflow: An Accurate, GPU-Accelerated, Differentiable Drone Simulator in JAXcited by 1
- 2026Dual Process Motion Planningcited by 1
- 2023Efficient Deep Learning of Robust, Adaptive Policies using Tube MPC-Guided Data Augmentationcited by 0
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- 2024Autonomous Wheel Loader Navigation Using Goal-Conditioned Actor-Critic MPCcited by 0
- 2024Dynamic Neural Potential Field: Online Trajectory Optimization in the Presence of Moving Obstaclescited by 0
- 2025Actor-Critic Cooperative Compensation to Model Predictive Control for Off-Road Autonomous Vehicles Under Unknown Dynamicscited by 0
- 2025Hybrid Reinforcement Learning and Model Predictive Control for Adaptive Control of Hydrogen-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustioncited by 0
- 2025A robust and adaptive MPC formulation for Gaussian process modelscited by 0
- 2025Bayesian Optimization applied for accelerated Virtual Validation of the Autonomous Driving Functioncited by 0
50 most cited of 68 All 68 (JSON)
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- 2026lapanda: A Matrix-Free Differentiable Solver for Nonconvex Constrained Optimization Layers27 Sep 2026
- 2026SoGuDiff: Socially Guided Diffusion for Steerable, Norm-Grounded Robot Navigation24 Sep 2026
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- 2026Language-Guided Terrain-Adaptive Neural MPC for Autonomous Traversal of Articulated Tracked Robots11 Sep 2026
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- 2026Accelerating Reinforcement Learning via MPC Solver-Gradient Guidance for Weights-varying MPC1 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning-Based Behavior Planning for Automated Driving: Real-World Integration and Deployment12 Aug 2026
- 2026Self-Adaptive Learning and Model Predictive Control for Tracking Unknown Dynamics with No Regret29 Jul 2026
- 2026TurboMPC: Fast, Scalable, and Differentiable Model Predictive Control on the GPU23 Jun 2026
- 2026Merging model-based control with multi-agent reinforcement learning for multi-agent cooperative teaming strategies4 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026Crazyflow: An Accurate, GPU-Accelerated, Differentiable Drone Simulator in JAX31 May 2026
- 2026VISION-SLS: Safe Perception-Based Control from Learned Visual Representations via System Level Synthesis27 Apr 2026
- 2026Exploiting Differential Flatness for Efficient Learning-based Model Predictive Control of Constrained Multi-Input Control Affine Systems27 Apr 2026
- 2026Tempered Sequential Monte Carlo for Trajectory and Policy Optimization with Differentiable Dynamics23 Apr 2026
- 2026Event-Centric World Modeling with Memory-Augmented Retrieval for Embodied Decision-Making8 Apr 2026
- 2026π, But Make It Fly: Physics-Guided Transfer of VLA Models to Aerial Manipulation26 Mar 2026
- 2026Safety Beyond the Training Data: Robust Out-of-Distribution MPC via Conformalized System Level Synthesis12 Feb 2026
- 2026White-Box Neural Ensemble for Vehicular Plasticity: Quantifying the Efficiency Cost of Symbolic Auditability in Adaptive NMPC2 Feb 2026
- 2025Direct transfer of optimized controllers to similar systems using dimensionless MPC9 Dec 2025
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- 2025Zero-Shot Function Encoder-Based Differentiable Predictive Control7 Nov 2025
- 2025UMI-on-Air: Embodiment-Aware Guidance for Embodiment-Agnostic Visuomotor Policies2 Oct 2025
- 2025HUNT: High-Speed UAV Navigation and Tracking in Unstructured Environments via Instantaneous Relative Frames23 Sep 2025
- 2025SINGER: An Onboard Generalist Vision-Language Navigation Policy for Drones23 Sep 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Transferable Solution Method for Parametric Optimal Control Problems22 Sep 2025
- 2025Safe and Near-Optimal Control with Online Dynamics Learning20 Sep 2025
- 2025Learning Agile Gate Traversal via Analytical Optimal Policy Gradient29 Aug 2025
- 2025Bayesian Optimization applied for accelerated Virtual Validation of the Autonomous Driving Function30 Jul 2025
- 2025A robust and adaptive MPC formulation for Gaussian process models2 Jul 2025
- 2025NOVA: Navigation via Object-Centric Visual Autonomy for High-Speed Target Tracking in Unstructured GPS-Denied Environments23 Jun 2025
- 2025Online Adaptation for Flying Quadrotors in Tight Formations20 Jun 2025
- 2025Context-Aware Deep Lagrangian Networks for Model Predictive Control18 Jun 2025
- 2025Finite-Sample-Based Reachability for Safe Control with Gaussian Process Dynamics12 May 2025
- 2025Drive Fast, Learn Faster: On-Board RL for High Performance Autonomous Racing12 May 2025
- 2025Differentiable Nonlinear Model Predictive Control2 May 2025
- 2025Hybrid Reinforcement Learning and Model Predictive Control for Adaptive Control of Hydrogen-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion23 Apr 2025
- 2025On learning racing policies with reinforcement learning3 Apr 2025
- 2025SICNav-Diffusion: Safe and Interactive Crowd Navigation with Diffusion Trajectory Predictions11 Mar 2025
- 2025Actor-Critic Cooperative Compensation to Model Predictive Control for Off-Road Autonomous Vehicles Under Unknown Dynamics1 Mar 2025
- 2025Synthesis of Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning: Survey and Classification4 Feb 2025
- 2025MPC4RL -- A Software Package for Reinforcement Learning based on Model Predictive Control27 Jan 2025
- 2024SOUS VIDE: Cooking Visual Drone Navigation Policies in a Gaussian Splatting Vacuum20 Dec 2024
- 2024Safety Filtering While Training: Improving the Performance and Sample Efficiency of Reinforcement Learning Agents15 Oct 2024
- 2024Flying Quadrotors in Tight Formations using Learning-based Model Predictive Control13 Oct 2024
- 2024Dynamic Neural Potential Field: Online Trajectory Optimization in the Presence of Moving Obstacles9 Oct 2024
- 2024Autonomous Wheel Loader Navigation Using Goal-Conditioned Actor-Critic MPC24 Sep 2024
- 2024Towards safe and tractable Gaussian process-based MPC: Efficient sampling within a sequential quadratic programming framework13 Sep 2024
- 2024Reinforcement Learning Compensated Model Predictive Control for Off-road Driving on Unknown Deformable Terrain17 Aug 2024
50 newest of 68 All 68 (JSON)
- 2025Synthesis of Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning: Survey and Classificationcited by 26
- 2024Safety Filtering While Training: Improving the Performance and Sample Efficiency of Reinforcement Learning Agentscited by 17
- 2024AC4MPC: Actor-Critic Reinforcement Learning for Nonlinear Model Predictive Controlcited by 6
- 2025Drive Fast, Learn Faster: On-Board RL for High Performance Autonomous Racingcited by 3
- 2025MPC4RL -- A Software Package for Reinforcement Learning based on Model Predictive Controlcited by 2
- 2025On learning racing policies with reinforcement learningcited by 1
- 2025Learning Agile Gate Traversal via Analytical Optimal Policy Gradientcited by 1
- 2024Autonomous Wheel Loader Navigation Using Goal-Conditioned Actor-Critic MPCcited by 0
- 2025Hybrid Reinforcement Learning and Model Predictive Control for Adaptive Control of Hydrogen-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustioncited by 0
- 2025Optimizing Operation Recipes with Reinforcement Learning for Safe and Interpretable Control of Chemical Processescited by 0
- 2026Accelerating Reinforcement Learning via MPC Solver-Gradient Guidance for Weights-varying MPCcited by 0
- 2026Accelerating Reinforcement Learning via MPC Solver-Gradient Guidance for Weights-varying MPC1 Sep 2026
- 2025Optimizing Operation Recipes with Reinforcement Learning for Safe and Interpretable Control of Chemical Processes20 Nov 2025
- 2025Learning Agile Gate Traversal via Analytical Optimal Policy Gradient29 Aug 2025
- 2025Drive Fast, Learn Faster: On-Board RL for High Performance Autonomous Racing12 May 2025
- 2025Hybrid Reinforcement Learning and Model Predictive Control for Adaptive Control of Hydrogen-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion23 Apr 2025
- 2025On learning racing policies with reinforcement learning3 Apr 2025
- 2025Synthesis of Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning: Survey and Classification4 Feb 2025
- 2025MPC4RL -- A Software Package for Reinforcement Learning based on Model Predictive Control27 Jan 2025
- 2024Safety Filtering While Training: Improving the Performance and Sample Efficiency of Reinforcement Learning Agents15 Oct 2024
- 2024Autonomous Wheel Loader Navigation Using Goal-Conditioned Actor-Critic MPC24 Sep 2024
- 2024AC4MPC: Actor-Critic Reinforcement Learning for Nonlinear Model Predictive Control6 Jun 2024
- 2023Adaptive Stochastic Nonlinear Model Predictive Control with Look-ahead Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Vehicle Motion Controlcited by 6
- 2024Reinforcement Learning Compensated Model Predictive Control for Off-road Driving on Unknown Deformable Terraincited by 1
- 2025Actor-Critic Cooperative Compensation to Model Predictive Control for Off-Road Autonomous Vehicles Under Unknown Dynamicscited by 0
- 2025Bayesian Optimization applied for accelerated Virtual Validation of the Autonomous Driving Functioncited by 0
- 2026Learning-Based Behavior Planning for Automated Driving: Real-World Integration and Deploymentcited by 0
- 2026Learning-Based Behavior Planning for Automated Driving: Real-World Integration and Deployment12 Aug 2026
- 2025Bayesian Optimization applied for accelerated Virtual Validation of the Autonomous Driving Function30 Jul 2025
- 2025Actor-Critic Cooperative Compensation to Model Predictive Control for Off-Road Autonomous Vehicles Under Unknown Dynamics1 Mar 2025
- 2024Reinforcement Learning Compensated Model Predictive Control for Off-road Driving on Unknown Deformable Terrain17 Aug 2024
- 2023Adaptive Stochastic Nonlinear Model Predictive Control with Look-ahead Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Vehicle Motion Control7 Nov 2023
- 2022Real-time Neural-MPC: Deep Learning Model Predictive Control for Quadrotors and Agile Robotic Platformscited by 41
- 2024SOUS VIDE: Cooking Visual Drone Navigation Policies in a Gaussian Splatting Vacuumcited by 16
- 2023Learning for CasADi: Data-driven Models in Numerical Optimizationcited by 15
- 2022Active Learning of Discrete-Time Dynamics for Uncertainty-Aware Model Predictive Controlcited by 13
- 2023Approximate non-linear model predictive control with safety-augmented neural networkscited by 9
- 2024Safe Guaranteed Exploration for Non-linear Systemscited by 8
- 2024Parameter-Adaptive Approximate MPC: Tuning Neural-Network Controllers without Retrainingcited by 7
- 2026Safety Beyond the Training Data: Robust Out-of-Distribution MPC via Conformalized System Level Synthesiscited by 7
- 2024Towards safe and tractable Gaussian process-based MPC: Efficient sampling within a sequential quadratic programming frameworkcited by 6
- 2025Differentiable Nonlinear Model Predictive Controlcited by 6
- 2022Handling Sparse Rewards in Reinforcement Learning Using Model Predictive Controlcited by 5
- 2025Finite-Sample-Based Reachability for Safe Control with Gaussian Process Dynamicscited by 5
12 most cited of 44 All 44 (JSON)
- 2026Scalable Identification of Physics-Based and Neural Dynamics from Partial Measurements12 Oct 2026
- 2026A Scalable Learned Iterative Solver for Nonlinear MPC via Temporal Decomposition9 Oct 2026
- 2026lapanda: A Matrix-Free Differentiable Solver for Nonconvex Constrained Optimization Layers27 Sep 2026
- 2026Generation of Custom Solvers in Rust for Convex Optimization12 Sep 2026
- 2026Language-Guided Terrain-Adaptive Neural MPC for Autonomous Traversal of Articulated Tracked Robots11 Sep 2026
- 2026Dual Process Motion Planning1 Sep 2026
- 2026Self-Adaptive Learning and Model Predictive Control for Tracking Unknown Dynamics with No Regret29 Jul 2026
- 2026TurboMPC: Fast, Scalable, and Differentiable Model Predictive Control on the GPU23 Jun 2026
- 2026Merging model-based control with multi-agent reinforcement learning for multi-agent cooperative teaming strategies4 Jun 2026
- 2026Crazyflow: An Accurate, GPU-Accelerated, Differentiable Drone Simulator in JAX31 May 2026
- 2026VISION-SLS: Safe Perception-Based Control from Learned Visual Representations via System Level Synthesis27 Apr 2026
- 2026Exploiting Differential Flatness for Efficient Learning-based Model Predictive Control of Constrained Multi-Input Control Affine Systems27 Apr 2026
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