Single-Network Whole-Body Pose Estimation
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present the first single-network approach for 2D~whole-body pose estimation, which entails simultaneous localization of body, face, hands, and feet keypoints. Due to the bottom-up formulation, our method maintains constant real-time performance regardless of the number of people in the image. The network is trained in a single stage using multi-task learning, through an improved architecture which can handle scale differences between body/foot and face/hand keypoints. Our approach considerably improves upon OpenPose~citecao2018openpose, the only work so far capable of whole-body pose estimation, both in terms of speed and global accuracy. Unlike OpenPose, our method does not need to run an additional network for each hand and face candidate, making it substantially faster for multi-person scenarios. This work directly results in a reduction of computational complexity for applications that require 2D whole-body information (e.g., VR/AR, re-targeting). In addition, it yields higher accuracy, especially for occluded, blurry, and low resolution faces and hands. For code, trained models, and validation benchmarks, visit our project page: https://github.com/CMU-Perceptual-Computing-Lab/openposetrain.
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 7; 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
24 papers.
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- 2023Effective Whole-body Pose Estimation with Two-stages Distillationcited by 307
- 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Timecited by 199
- 2022Capturing and Inferring Dense Full-Body Human-Scene Contactcited by 176
- 2023RTMPose: Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Estimation based on MMPosecited by 170
- 2022Not All Tokens Are Equal: Human-centric Visual Analysis via Token Clustering Transformercited by 99
- 2021Recent Advances in Monocular 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 49
- 2021Content4All Open Research Sign Language Translation Datasetscited by 30
- 2021Evaluating the Immediate Applicability of Pose Estimation for Sign Language Recognitioncited by 25
- 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 23
- 20222D Human Pose Estimation: A Surveycited by 21
- 2024TCFormer: Visual Recognition via Token Clustering Transformercited by 12
- 2021HHP-Net: A light Heteroscedastic neural network for Head Pose estimation with uncertaintycited by 9
12 more
- 2022NIMBLE: A Non-rigid Hand Model with Bones and Musclescited by 6
- 2024GTPT: Group-based Token Pruning Transformer for Efficient Human Pose Estimationcited by 6
- 2021Capturing Detailed Deformations of Moving Human Bodiescited by 5
- 2023Expressive Forecasting of 3D Whole-body Human Motionscited by 5
- 2021Template-Free Try-on Image Synthesis via Semantic-guided Optimizationcited by 4
- 2021SpineOne: A One-Stage Detection Framework for Degenerative Discs and Vertebraecited by 3
- 2025Towards Fine-Grained Human Motion Video Captioningcited by 3
- 2021HPRNet: Hierarchical Point Regression for Whole-Body Human Pose Estimationcited by 1
- 2021Can AI detect pain and express pain empathy? A review from emotion recognition and a human-centered AI perspectivecited by 1
- 2026WiCompass: Oracle-driven Data Scaling for mmWave Human Pose Estimationcited by 1
- 2026CIGPose: Causal Intervention Graph Neural Network for Whole-Body Pose Estimationcited by 1
- 2022Mutual Adaptive Reasoning for Monocular 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimationcited by 0
- 2026CIGPose: Causal Intervention Graph Neural Network for Whole-Body Pose Estimation10 Mar 2026
- 2026WiCompass: Oracle-driven Data Scaling for mmWave Human Pose Estimation21 Feb 2026
- 2025Towards Fine-Grained Human Motion Video Captioning24 Oct 2025
- 2024TCFormer: Visual Recognition via Token Clustering Transformer16 Jul 2024
- 2024GTPT: Group-based Token Pruning Transformer for Efficient Human Pose Estimation15 Jul 2024
- 2023Expressive Forecasting of 3D Whole-body Human Motions19 Dec 2023
- 2023Effective Whole-body Pose Estimation with Two-stages Distillation29 Jul 2023
- 2023RTMPose: Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Estimation based on MMPose13 Mar 2023
- 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Time7 Nov 2022
- 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wild23 Aug 2022
- 2022Mutual Adaptive Reasoning for Monocular 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimation16 Jul 2022
- 2022Capturing and Inferring Dense Full-Body Human-Scene Contact20 Jun 2022
12 more
- 2022Not All Tokens Are Equal: Human-centric Visual Analysis via Token Clustering Transformer19 Apr 2022
- 20222D Human Pose Estimation: A Survey15 Apr 2022
- 2022NIMBLE: A Non-rigid Hand Model with Bones and Muscles9 Feb 2022
- 2021HHP-Net: A light Heteroscedastic neural network for Head Pose estimation with uncertainty2 Nov 2021
- 2021SpineOne: A One-Stage Detection Framework for Degenerative Discs and Vertebrae28 Oct 2021
- 2021Can AI detect pain and express pain empathy? A review from emotion recognition and a human-centered AI perspective8 Oct 2021
- 2021HPRNet: Hierarchical Point Regression for Whole-Body Human Pose Estimation8 Jun 2021
- 2021Content4All Open Research Sign Language Translation Datasets5 May 2021
- 2021Recent Advances in Monocular 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Deep Learning Perspective23 Apr 2021
- 2021Evaluating the Immediate Applicability of Pose Estimation for Sign Language Recognition20 Apr 2021
- 2021Capturing Detailed Deformations of Moving Human Bodies15 Feb 2021
- 2021Template-Free Try-on Image Synthesis via Semantic-guided Optimization6 Feb 2021
- 2023Effective Whole-body Pose Estimation with Two-stages Distillationcited by 307
- 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Timecited by 199
- 2022Capturing and Inferring Dense Full-Body Human-Scene Contactcited by 176
- 2023RTMPose: Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Estimation based on MMPosecited by 170
- 2022Not All Tokens Are Equal: Human-centric Visual Analysis via Token Clustering Transformercited by 99
- 2021Recent Advances in Monocular 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 49
- 2021Content4All Open Research Sign Language Translation Datasetscited by 30
- 2021Evaluating the Immediate Applicability of Pose Estimation for Sign Language Recognitioncited by 25
- 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 23
- 20222D Human Pose Estimation: A Surveycited by 21
- 2024TCFormer: Visual Recognition via Token Clustering Transformercited by 12
- 2021HHP-Net: A light Heteroscedastic neural network for Head Pose estimation with uncertaintycited by 9
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026CIGPose: Causal Intervention Graph Neural Network for Whole-Body Pose Estimation10 Mar 2026
- 2026WiCompass: Oracle-driven Data Scaling for mmWave Human Pose Estimation21 Feb 2026
- 2025Towards Fine-Grained Human Motion Video Captioning24 Oct 2025
- 2024TCFormer: Visual Recognition via Token Clustering Transformer16 Jul 2024
- 2024GTPT: Group-based Token Pruning Transformer for Efficient Human Pose Estimation15 Jul 2024
- 2023Expressive Forecasting of 3D Whole-body Human Motions19 Dec 2023
- 2023Effective Whole-body Pose Estimation with Two-stages Distillation29 Jul 2023
- 2023RTMPose: Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Estimation based on MMPose13 Mar 2023
- 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Time7 Nov 2022
- 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wild23 Aug 2022
- 2022Mutual Adaptive Reasoning for Monocular 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimation16 Jul 2022
- 2022Capturing and Inferring Dense Full-Body Human-Scene Contact20 Jun 2022
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)