mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Slither: A Static Analysis Framework For Smart Contracts

arXiv 1908.09878 ↗First posted 26 Aug 2019cs.SE cs.CRcited by 88

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Abstract (arXiv)

This paper describes Slither, a static analysis framework designed to provide rich information about Ethereum smart contracts. It works by converting Solidity smart contracts into an intermediate representation called SlithIR. SlithIR uses Static Single Assignment (SSA) form and a reduced instruction set to ease implementation of analyses while preserving semantic information that would be lost in transforming Solidity to bytecode. Slither allows for the application of commonly used program analysis techniques like dataflow and taint tracking. Our framework has four main use cases: (1) automated detection of vulnerabilities, (2) automated detection of code optimization opportunities, (3) improvement of the user's understanding of the contracts, and (4) assistance with code review. In this paper, we present an overview of Slither, detail the design of its intermediate representation, and evaluate its capabilities on real-world contracts. We show that Slither's bug detection is fast, accurate, and outperforms other static analysis tools at finding issues in Ethereum smart contracts in terms of speed, robustness, and balance of detection and false positives. We compared tools using a large dataset of smart contracts and manually reviewed results for 1000 of the most used contracts.

Key facts. Cited by 88 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Aug 2019.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 7; 2023: 11; 2024: 17; 2025: 26; 2026: 19.

88 papers.

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  1. 2024Large Language Model-Based Agents for Software Engineering: A Surveycited by 173
  2. 2023GPTScan: Detecting Logic Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts by Combining GPT with Program Analysiscited by 65
  3. 2023Large Language Model-Powered Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection: New Perspectivescited by 48
  4. 2024Combining Fine-Tuning and LLM-based Agents for Intuitive Smart Contract Auditing with Justificationscited by 41
  5. 2024PropertyGPT: LLM-driven Formal Verification of Smart Contracts through Retrieval-Augmented Property Generationcited by 36
  6. 2021Combining Graph Neural Networks with Expert Knowledge for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detectioncited by 34
  7. 2021Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection: From Pure Neural Network to Interpretable Graph Feature and Expert Pattern Fusioncited by 24
  8. 2023Blockchain Large Language Modelscited by 16
  9. 2023Efficient Avoidance of Vulnerabilities in Auto-completed Smart Contract Code Using Vulnerability-constrained Decodingcited by 14
  10. 2024From Vulnerabilities to Remediation: A Systematic Literature Review of LLMs in Code Securitycited by 9
  11. 2024Smart-LLaMA: Two-Stage Post-Training of Large Language Models for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection and Explanationcited by 8
  12. 2025SCALM: Detecting Bad Practices in Smart Contracts Through LLMscited by 8
38 more
  1. 2025AI Agent Smart Contract Exploit Generationcited by 8
  2. 2021Eth2Vec: Learning Contract-Wide Code Representations for Vulnerability Detection on Ethereum Smart Contractscited by 7
  3. 2025Smart-LLaMA-DPO: Reinforced Large Language Model for Explainable Smart Contract Vulnerability Detectioncited by 7
  4. 2025Logic Meets Magic: LLMs Cracking Smart Contract Vulnerabilitiescited by 5
  5. 2025Guiding LLM-based Smart Contract Generation with Finite State Machinecited by 5
  6. 2025GasAgent: A Multi-Agent Framework for Automated Gas Optimization in Smart Contractscited by 5
  7. 2021ESCORT: Ethereum Smart COntRacTs Vulnerability Detection using Deep Neural Network and Transfer Learningcited by 4
  8. 2022MANDO: Multi-Level Heterogeneous Graph Embeddings for Fine-Grained Detection of Smart Contract Vulnerabilitiescited by 4
  9. 2023VulnSense: Efficient Vulnerability Detection in Ethereum Smart Contracts by Multimodal Learning with Graph Neural Network and Language Modelcited by 4
  10. 2024Retrieval Augmented Generation Integrated Large Language Models in Smart Contract Vulnerability Detectioncited by 4
  11. 2025Prompt to Pwn: Automated Exploit Generation for Smart Contractscited by 4
  12. 2022Do not rug on me: Zero-dimensional Scam Detectioncited by 3
  13. 2024The Role of Transformer Models in Advancing Blockchain Technology: A Systematic Surveycited by 3
  14. 2024Detecting Buggy Contracts via Smart Testingcited by 3
  15. 2024SmartLLMSentry: A Comprehensive LLM Based Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection Frameworkcited by 3
  16. 2025AiRacleX: Automated Detection of Price Oracle Manipulations via LLM-Driven Knowledge Mining and Prompt Generationcited by 3
  17. 2025SmartLLM: Smart Contract Auditing using Custom Generative AIcited by 3
  18. 2023Usenix'23 Extended Version: Smart Learning to Find Dumb Contractscited by 2
  19. 2023HyMo: Vulnerability Detection in Smart Contracts using a Novel Multi-Modal Hybrid Modelcited by 2
  20. 2024Evaluation of ChatGPT's Smart Contract Auditing Capabilities Based on Chain of Thoughtcited by 2
  21. 2024Vulnerability Detection in Ethereum Smart Contracts via Machine Learning: A Qualitative Analysiscited by 2
  22. 2024Detection Made Easy: Potentials of Large Language Models for Solidity Vulnerabilitiescited by 2
  23. 2025Towards Secure Program Partitioning for Smart Contracts with LLM's In-Context Learningcited by 2
  24. 2025MTVHunter: Smart Contracts Vulnerability Detection Based on Multi-Teacher Knowledge Translationcited by 2
  25. 2025CodeBC: A More Secure Large Language Model for Smart Contract Code Generation in Blockchaincited by 2
  26. 2025SAEL: Leveraging Large Language Models with Adaptive Mixture-of-Experts for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detectioncited by 2
  27. 2025LISA Technical Report: An Agentic Framework for Smart Contract Auditingcited by 2
  28. 2022Deep Smart Contract Intent Detectioncited by 1
  29. 2023SourceP: Detecting Ponzi Schemes on Ethereum with Source Codecited by 1
  30. 2024DISL: Fueling Research with A Large Dataset of Solidity Smart Contractscited by 1
  31. 2024FTSmartAudit: A Knowledge Distillation-Enhanced Framework for Automated Smart Contract Auditing Using Fine-Tuned LLMscited by 1
  32. 2025Securing Smart Contract Languages with a Unified Agentic Framework for Vulnerability Repair in Solidity and Movecited by 1
  33. 2025UEChecker: Detecting Unchecked External Call Vulnerabilities in DApps via Graph Analysiscited by 1
  34. 2025Web3 x AI Agents: Landscape, Integrations, and Foundational Challengescited by 1
  35. 2025ParaVul: A Parallel Large Language Model and Retrieval-Augmented Framework for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detectioncited by 1
  36. 2025Large Language Model based Smart Contract Auditing with LLMBugScannercited by 1
  37. 2025BugSweeper: Function-Level Detection of Smart Contract Vulnerabilities Using Graph Neural Networkscited by 1
  38. 2026Zer0n: An AI-Assisted Vulnerability Discovery and Blockchain-Backed Integrity Frameworkcited by 1

50 most cited of 88 All 88 (JSON)