Learning to Speak Fluently in a Foreign Language: Multilingual Speech Synthesis and Cross-Language Voice Cloning
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a multispeaker, multilingual text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis model based on Tacotron that is able to produce high quality speech in multiple languages. Moreover, the model is able to transfer voices across languages, e.g. synthesize fluent Spanish speech using an English speaker's voice, without training on any bilingual or parallel examples. Such transfer works across distantly related languages, e.g. English and Mandarin. Critical to achieving this result are: 1. using a phonemic input representation to encourage sharing of model capacity across languages, and 2. incorporating an adversarial loss term to encourage the model to disentangle its representation of speaker identity (which is perfectly correlated with language in the training data) from the speech content. Further scaling up the model by training on multiple speakers of each language, and incorporating an autoencoding input to help stabilize attention during training, results in a model which can be used to consistently synthesize intelligible speech for training speakers in all languages seen during training, and in native or foreign accents.
Key facts. Cited by 66 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Jul 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 19; 2023: 16; 2024: 7; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.
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- 2023Scaling Speech Technology to 1,000+ Languagescited by 411
- 2021YourTTS: Towards Zero-Shot Multi-Speaker TTS and Zero-Shot Voice Conversion for everyonecited by 278
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A History of Generative AI from GAN to ChatGPTcited by 224
- 2021A Survey on Neural Speech Synthesiscited by 184
- 2023Speak Foreign Languages with Your Own Voice: Cross-Lingual Neural Codec Language Modelingcited by 167
- 2021Translatotron 2: High-quality direct speech-to-speech translation with voice preservationcited by 71
- 2022CVSS Corpus and Massively Multilingual Speech-to-Speech Translationcited by 71
- 2021What all do audio transformer models hear? Probing Acoustic Representations for Language Delivery and its Structurecited by 52
- 2023A Representative Study on Human Detection of Artificially Generated Media Across Countriescited by 22
- 2022Talking Face Generation with Multilingual TTScited by 18
- 2021Crossing the Conversational Chasm: A Primer on Natural Language Processing for Multilingual Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 17
- 2022Voice-preserving Zero-shot Multiple Accent Conversioncited by 17
38 more
- 2022Virtuoso: Massive Multilingual Speech-Text Joint Semi-Supervised Learning for Text-To-Speechcited by 15
- 2021Multilingual Byte2Speech Models for Scalable Low-resource Speech Synthesiscited by 13
- 2022Heterogeneous Target Speech Separationcited by 13
- 2021Assem-VC: Realistic Voice Conversion by Assembling Modern Speech Synthesis Techniquescited by 11
- 2023Textless Unit-to-Unit training for Many-to-Many Multilingual Speech-to-Speech Translationcited by 11
- 2022SQuId: Measuring Speech Naturalness in Many Languagescited by 10
- 2021Ctrl-P: Temporal Control of Prosodic Variation for Speech Synthesiscited by 8
- 2021Cross-lingual Low Resource Speaker Adaptation Using Phonological Featurescited by 8
- 2022Cross-Lingual Text-to-Speech Using Multi-Task Learning and Speaker Classifier Joint Trainingcited by 7
- 2022WeSinger: Data-augmented Singing Voice Synthesis with Auxiliary Lossescited by 7
- 2024Towards Quantifying and Reducing Language Mismatch Effects in Cross-Lingual Speech Anti-Spoofingcited by 7
- 2021Whispered and Lombard Neural Speech Synthesiscited by 6
- 2022Unify and Conquer: How Phonetic Feature Representation Affects Polyglot Text-To-Speech (TTS)cited by 5
- 2022Explicit Intensity Control for Accented Text-to-speechcited by 5
- 2023DSE-TTS: Dual Speaker Embedding for Cross-Lingual Text-to-Speechcited by 5
- 2021Revisiting IPA-based Cross-lingual Text-to-speechcited by 4
- 2022Mix and Match: An Empirical Study on Training Corpus Composition for Polyglot Text-To-Speech (TTS)cited by 4
- 2023ParrotTTS: Text-to-Speech synthesis by exploiting self-supervised representationscited by 4
- 2024An Initial Investigation of Language Adaptation for TTS Systems under Low-resource Scenarioscited by 4
- 2025Voice Cloning: Comprehensive Surveycited by 4
- 2021Towards Natural and Controllable Cross-Lingual Voice Conversion Based on Neural TTS Model and Phonetic Posteriorgramcited by 3
- 2021Combining speakers of multiple languages to improve quality of neural voicescited by 3
- 2021Improved Prosodic Clustering for Multispeaker and Speaker-independent Phoneme-level Prosody Controlcited by 3
- 2022Cross-lingual Text-To-Speech with Flow-based Voice Conversion for Improved Pronunciationcited by 3
- 2022Controllable speech synthesis by learning discrete phoneme-level prosodic representationscited by 3
- 2023Modelling low-resource accents without accent-specific TTS frontendcited by 3
- 2023CrossSpeech: Speaker-independent Acoustic Representation for Cross-lingual Speech Synthesiscited by 3
- 2024A multilingual training strategy for low resource Text to Speechcited by 3
- 2021Towards Lifelong Learning of Multilingual Text-To-Speech Synthesiscited by 2
- 2021Rapping-Singing Voice Synthesis based on Phoneme-level Prosody Controlcited by 2
- 2022Self-supervised learning for robust voice cloningcited by 2
- 2022Controllable Accented Text-to-Speech Synthesiscited by 2
- 2023Multilingual Multiaccented Multispeaker TTS with RADTTScited by 2
- 2023Cross-speaker Emotion Transfer by Manipulating Speech Style Latentscited by 2
- 2023DiCLET-TTS: Diffusion Model based Cross-lingual Emotion Transfer for Text-to-Speech -- A Study between English and Mandarincited by 2
- 2023BiSinger: Bilingual Singing Voice Synthesiscited by 2
- 2022Improving Cross-lingual Speech Synthesis with Triplet Training Schemecited by 1
- 2022Improve Bilingual TTS Using Dynamic Language and Phonology Embeddingcited by 1
50 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2026Not Quite My Tempo: Voice Activity-aware Speech Synthesis for Lip-Synchronous Dubbing22 Sep 2026
- 2025Provable Speech Attributes Conversion via Latent Independence6 Oct 2025
- 2025Unseen Speaker and Language Adaptation for Lightweight Text-To-Speech with Adapters25 Aug 2025
- 2025Toward Machine Interpreting: Lessons from Human Interpreting Studies11 Aug 2025
- 2025Optimizing Multilingual Text-To-Speech with Accents & Emotions19 Jun 2025
- 2025Voice Cloning: Comprehensive Survey1 May 2025
- 2024CrossSpeech++: Cross-lingual Speech Synthesis with Decoupled Language and Speaker Generation28 Dec 2024
- 2024MultiVerse: Efficient and Expressive Zero-Shot Multi-Task Text-to-Speech4 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Quantifying and Reducing Language Mismatch Effects in Cross-Lingual Speech Anti-Spoofing12 Sep 2024
- 2024A multilingual training strategy for low resource Text to Speech2 Sep 2024
- 2024wav2graph: A Framework for Supervised Learning Knowledge Graph from Speech8 Aug 2024
- 2024An Initial Investigation of Language Adaptation for TTS Systems under Low-resource Scenarios13 Jun 2024
38 more
- 2024G4G:A Generic Framework for High Fidelity Talking Face Generation with Fine-grained Intra-modal Alignment28 Feb 2024
- 2023A Representative Study on Human Detection of Artificially Generated Media Across Countries10 Dec 2023
- 2023BiSinger: Bilingual Singing Voice Synthesis25 Sep 2023
- 2023Cross-lingual Knowledge Distillation via Flow-based Voice Conversion for Robust Polyglot Text-To-Speech15 Sep 2023
- 2023DiCLET-TTS: Diffusion Model based Cross-lingual Emotion Transfer for Text-to-Speech -- A Study between English and Mandarin2 Sep 2023
- 2023Textless Unit-to-Unit training for Many-to-Many Multilingual Speech-to-Speech Translation3 Aug 2023
- 2023DSE-TTS: Dual Speaker Embedding for Cross-Lingual Text-to-Speech25 Jun 2023
- 2023Scaling Speech Technology to 1,000+ Languages22 May 2023
- 2023MParrotTTS: Multilingual Multi-speaker Text to Speech Synthesis in Low Resource Setting19 May 2023
- 2023Generative AI for learning: Investigating the potential of synthetic learning videos7 Apr 2023
- 2023Cross-speaker Emotion Transfer by Manipulating Speech Style Latents15 Mar 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A History of Generative AI from GAN to ChatGPT7 Mar 2023
- 2023Speak Foreign Languages with Your Own Voice: Cross-Lingual Neural Codec Language Modeling7 Mar 2023
- 2023ParrotTTS: Text-to-Speech synthesis by exploiting self-supervised representations1 Mar 2023
- 2023CrossSpeech: Speaker-independent Acoustic Representation for Cross-lingual Speech Synthesis28 Feb 2023
- 2023Multilingual Multiaccented Multispeaker TTS with RADTTS24 Jan 2023
- 2023Modelling low-resource accents without accent-specific TTS frontend11 Jan 2023
- 2022Improve Bilingual TTS Using Dynamic Language and Phonology Embedding7 Dec 2022
- 2022Controllable speech synthesis by learning discrete phoneme-level prosodic representations29 Nov 2022
- 2022Voice-preserving Zero-shot Multiple Accent Conversion23 Nov 2022
- 2022Cross-lingual Text-To-Speech with Flow-based Voice Conversion for Improved Pronunciation31 Oct 2022
- 2022Virtuoso: Massive Multilingual Speech-Text Joint Semi-Supervised Learning for Text-To-Speech27 Oct 2022
- 2022Explicit Intensity Control for Accented Text-to-speech27 Oct 2022
- 2022SQuId: Measuring Speech Naturalness in Many Languages12 Oct 2022
- 2022Controllable Accented Text-to-Speech Synthesis22 Sep 2022
- 2022Unify and Conquer: How Phonetic Feature Representation Affects Polyglot Text-To-Speech (TTS)4 Jul 2022
- 2022Mix and Match: An Empirical Study on Training Corpus Composition for Polyglot Text-To-Speech (TTS)4 Jul 2022
- 2022SANE-TTS: Stable And Natural End-to-End Multilingual Text-to-Speech24 Jun 2022
- 2022Talking Face Generation with Multilingual TTS13 May 2022
- 2022Heterogeneous Target Speech Separation7 Apr 2022
- 2022Self-supervised learning for robust voice cloning7 Apr 2022
- 2022Data-augmented cross-lingual synthesis in a teacher-student framework31 Mar 2022
- 2022WeSinger: Data-augmented Singing Voice Synthesis with Auxiliary Losses21 Mar 2022
- 2022Improving Cross-lingual Speech Synthesis with Triplet Training Scheme22 Feb 2022
- 2022Cross-Lingual Text-to-Speech Using Multi-Task Learning and Speaker Classifier Joint Training20 Jan 2022
- 2022CVSS Corpus and Massively Multilingual Speech-to-Speech Translation11 Jan 2022
- 2021YourTTS: Towards Zero-Shot Multi-Speaker TTS and Zero-Shot Voice Conversion for everyone4 Dec 2021
- 2021Improved Prosodic Clustering for Multispeaker and Speaker-independent Phoneme-level Prosody Control19 Nov 2021
50 newest of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2023Scaling Speech Technology to 1,000+ Languagescited by 411
- 2021YourTTS: Towards Zero-Shot Multi-Speaker TTS and Zero-Shot Voice Conversion for everyonecited by 278
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A History of Generative AI from GAN to ChatGPTcited by 224
- 2021A Survey on Neural Speech Synthesiscited by 184
- 2023Speak Foreign Languages with Your Own Voice: Cross-Lingual Neural Codec Language Modelingcited by 167
- 2021Translatotron 2: High-quality direct speech-to-speech translation with voice preservationcited by 71
- 2022CVSS Corpus and Massively Multilingual Speech-to-Speech Translationcited by 71
- 2021What all do audio transformer models hear? Probing Acoustic Representations for Language Delivery and its Structurecited by 52
- 2023A Representative Study on Human Detection of Artificially Generated Media Across Countriescited by 22
- 2022Talking Face Generation with Multilingual TTScited by 18
- 2021Crossing the Conversational Chasm: A Primer on Natural Language Processing for Multilingual Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 17
- 2022Voice-preserving Zero-shot Multiple Accent Conversioncited by 17
12 most cited of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2026Not Quite My Tempo: Voice Activity-aware Speech Synthesis for Lip-Synchronous Dubbing22 Sep 2026
- 2025Provable Speech Attributes Conversion via Latent Independence6 Oct 2025
- 2025Unseen Speaker and Language Adaptation for Lightweight Text-To-Speech with Adapters25 Aug 2025
- 2025Toward Machine Interpreting: Lessons from Human Interpreting Studies11 Aug 2025
- 2025Optimizing Multilingual Text-To-Speech with Accents & Emotions19 Jun 2025
- 2025Voice Cloning: Comprehensive Survey1 May 2025
- 2024CrossSpeech++: Cross-lingual Speech Synthesis with Decoupled Language and Speaker Generation28 Dec 2024
- 2024MultiVerse: Efficient and Expressive Zero-Shot Multi-Task Text-to-Speech4 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Quantifying and Reducing Language Mismatch Effects in Cross-Lingual Speech Anti-Spoofing12 Sep 2024
- 2024A multilingual training strategy for low resource Text to Speech2 Sep 2024
- 2024wav2graph: A Framework for Supervised Learning Knowledge Graph from Speech8 Aug 2024
- 2024An Initial Investigation of Language Adaptation for TTS Systems under Low-resource Scenarios13 Jun 2024
12 newest of 63 All 63 (JSON)