Rehearsal-Free Continual Learning over Small Non-I.I.D. Batches
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Abstract (arXiv)
Robotic vision is a field where continual learning can play a significant role. An embodied agent operating in a complex environment subject to frequent and unpredictable changes is required to learn and adapt continuously. In the context of object recognition, for example, a robot should be able to learn (without forgetting) objects of never before seen classes as well as improving its recognition capabilities as new instances of already known classes are discovered. Ideally, continual learning should be triggered by the availability of short videos of single objects and performed on-line on on-board hardware with fine-grained updates. In this paper, we introduce a novel continual learning protocol based on the CORe50 benchmark and propose two rehearsal-free continual learning techniques, CWR* and AR1*, that can learn effectively even in the challenging case of nearly 400 small non-i.i.d. incremental batches. In particular, our experiments show that AR1* can outperform other state-of-the-art rehearsal-free techniques by more than 15% accuracy in some cases, with a very light and constant computational and memory overhead across training batches.
Key facts. Cited by 46 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Jul 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 7; 2023: 13; 2024: 9; 2025: 4.
46 papers.
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- 2022DualPrompt: Complementary Prompting for Rehearsal-free Continual Learningcited by 635
- 2022CODA-Prompt: COntinual Decomposed Attention-based Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 446
- 2024Continual Learning of Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 228
- 2021An Empirical Investigation of the Role of Pre-training in Lifelong Learningcited by 134
- 2021Avalanche: an End-to-End Library for Continual Learningcited by 124
- 2022A Closer Look at Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 54
- 2022Continual Normalization: Rethinking Batch Normalization for Online Continual Learningcited by 40
- 2021Class-Incremental Learning with Generative Classifierscited by 39
- 2021A TinyML Platform for On-Device Continual Learning with Quantized Latent Replayscited by 37
- 2023A Unified Approach to Domain Incremental Learning with Memory: Theory and Algorithmcited by 32
- 2021ORBIT: A Real-World Few-Shot Dataset for Teachable Object Recognitioncited by 29
- 2021Is Class-Incremental Enough for Continual Learning?cited by 22
34 more
- 2021Continual Learning at the Edge: Real-Time Training on Smartphone Devicescited by 20
- 2021Continual Learning in Deep Networks: an Analysis of the Last Layercited by 17
- 2021Tackling Catastrophic Forgetting and Background Shift in Continual Semantic Segmentationcited by 15
- 2024Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning with Attention-Aware Self-Adaptive Promptcited by 15
- 2023Continual Learning for Predictive Maintenance: Overview and Challengescited by 10
- 2021Continual Learning on the Edge with TensorFlow Litecited by 9
- 2023Class-Incremental Learning with Repetitioncited by 9
- 2022Alleviating Representational Shift for Continual Fine-tuningcited by 8
- 2023Lifelong Continual Learning for Anomaly Detection: New Challenges, Perspectives, and Insightscited by 8
- 2023From MNIST to ImageNet and Back: Benchmarking Continual Curriculum Learningcited by 6
- 2023Continual Adaptation of Vision Transformers for Federated Learningcited by 6
- 2021Continual learning of longitudinal health recordscited by 5
- 2024Region-Based Optimization in Continual Learning for Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 5
- 2021Bristle: Decentralized Federated Learning in Byzantine, Non-i.i.d. Environmentscited by 4
- 2022Diagnosing Batch Normalization in Class Incremental Learningcited by 4
- 2022Generative Negative Replay for Continual Learningcited by 4
- 2023Principles of Forgetting in Domain-Incremental Semantic Segmentation in Adverse Weather Conditionscited by 4
- 2024Enabling On-device Continual Learning with Binary Neural Networkscited by 4
- 2024Diffusion Model Meets Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learning and Beyondcited by 4
- 2025Achieving More with Less: Additive Prompt Tuning for Rehearsal-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 4
- 2023Effects of Architectures on Continual Semantic Segmentationcited by 3
- 2023Continual Learners are Incremental Model Generalizerscited by 3
- 2023On-Device Learning with Binary Neural Networkscited by 3
- 2023Infinite dSprites for Disentangled Continual Learning: Separating Memory Edits from Generalizationcited by 3
- 2024Compressed Latent Replays for Lightweight Continual Learning on Spiking Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2025Online Continual Learning via Spiking Neural Networks with Sleep Enhanced Latent Replaycited by 2
- 2021A Robust Initialization of Residual Blocks for Effective ResNet Training without Batch Normalizationcited by 1
- 2023Architect, Regularize and Replay (ARR): a Flexible Hybrid Approach for Continual Learningcited by 1
- 2023Ada-QPacknet -- adaptive pruning with bit width reduction as an efficient continual learning method without forgettingcited by 1
- 2024EdgeOL: Efficient in-situ Online Learning on Edge Devicescited by 1
- 2024TinySubNets: An efficient and low capacity continual learning strategycited by 1
- 2024Continual Learning by Three-Phase Consolidationcited by 0
- 2025PVBF: A Framework for Mitigating Parameter Variation Imbalance in Online Continual Learningcited by 0
- 2025Towards Experience Replay for Class-Incremental Learning in Fully-Binary Networkscited by 0
- 2025Online Continual Learning via Spiking Neural Networks with Sleep Enhanced Latent Replay23 Jun 2025
- 2025Achieving More with Less: Additive Prompt Tuning for Rehearsal-Free Class-Incremental Learning11 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards Experience Replay for Class-Incremental Learning in Fully-Binary Networks10 Mar 2025
- 2025PVBF: A Framework for Mitigating Parameter Variation Imbalance in Online Continual Learning25 Feb 2025
- 2024Region-Based Optimization in Continual Learning for Audio Deepfake Detection16 Dec 2024
- 2024TinySubNets: An efficient and low capacity continual learning strategy14 Dec 2024
- 2024Diffusion Model Meets Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learning and Beyond6 Aug 2024
- 2024Compressed Latent Replays for Lightweight Continual Learning on Spiking Neural Networks8 May 2024
- 2024Continual Learning of Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey25 Apr 2024
- 2024Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning with Attention-Aware Self-Adaptive Prompt14 Mar 2024
- 2024Continual Learning by Three-Phase Consolidation12 Mar 2024
- 2024EdgeOL: Efficient in-situ Online Learning on Edge Devices30 Jan 2024
34 more
- 2024Enabling On-device Continual Learning with Binary Neural Networks18 Jan 2024
- 2023Infinite dSprites for Disentangled Continual Learning: Separating Memory Edits from Generalization27 Dec 2023
- 2023A Unified Approach to Domain Incremental Learning with Memory: Theory and Algorithm18 Oct 2023
- 2023On-Device Learning with Binary Neural Networks29 Aug 2023
- 2023Ada-QPacknet -- adaptive pruning with bit width reduction as an efficient continual learning method without forgetting14 Aug 2023
- 2023Continual Learners are Incremental Model Generalizers21 Jun 2023
- 2023Continual Adaptation of Vision Transformers for Federated Learning16 Jun 2023
- 2023Principles of Forgetting in Domain-Incremental Semantic Segmentation in Adverse Weather Conditions24 Mar 2023
- 2023From MNIST to ImageNet and Back: Benchmarking Continual Curriculum Learning16 Mar 2023
- 2023Lifelong Continual Learning for Anomaly Detection: New Challenges, Perspectives, and Insights14 Mar 2023
- 2023Effects of Architectures on Continual Semantic Segmentation21 Feb 2023
- 2023Continual Learning for Predictive Maintenance: Overview and Challenges29 Jan 2023
- 2023Class-Incremental Learning with Repetition26 Jan 2023
- 2023Architect, Regularize and Replay (ARR): a Flexible Hybrid Approach for Continual Learning6 Jan 2023
- 2022CODA-Prompt: COntinual Decomposed Attention-based Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learning23 Nov 2022
- 2022Alleviating Representational Shift for Continual Fine-tuning22 Apr 2022
- 2022Generative Negative Replay for Continual Learning12 Apr 2022
- 2022DualPrompt: Complementary Prompting for Rehearsal-free Continual Learning10 Apr 2022
- 2022A Closer Look at Rehearsal-Free Continual Learning31 Mar 2022
- 2022Continual Normalization: Rethinking Batch Normalization for Online Continual Learning30 Mar 2022
- 2022Diagnosing Batch Normalization in Class Incremental Learning16 Feb 2022
- 2021A Robust Initialization of Residual Blocks for Effective ResNet Training without Batch Normalization23 Dec 2021
- 2021Continual learning of longitudinal health records22 Dec 2021
- 2021An Empirical Investigation of the Role of Pre-training in Lifelong Learning16 Dec 2021
- 2021Is Class-Incremental Enough for Continual Learning?6 Dec 2021
- 2021Bristle: Decentralized Federated Learning in Byzantine, Non-i.i.d. Environments21 Oct 2021
- 2021A TinyML Platform for On-Device Continual Learning with Quantized Latent Replays20 Oct 2021
- 2021Tackling Catastrophic Forgetting and Background Shift in Continual Semantic Segmentation29 Jun 2021
- 2021Continual Learning in Deep Networks: an Analysis of the Last Layer3 Jun 2021
- 2021Continual Learning at the Edge: Real-Time Training on Smartphone Devices24 May 2021
- 2021Continual Learning on the Edge with TensorFlow Lite5 May 2021
- 2021Class-Incremental Learning with Generative Classifiers20 Apr 2021
- 2021ORBIT: A Real-World Few-Shot Dataset for Teachable Object Recognition8 Apr 2021
- 2021Avalanche: an End-to-End Library for Continual Learning1 Apr 2021
- 2022DualPrompt: Complementary Prompting for Rehearsal-free Continual Learningcited by 635
- 2022CODA-Prompt: COntinual Decomposed Attention-based Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 446
- 2024Continual Learning of Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 228
- 2021An Empirical Investigation of the Role of Pre-training in Lifelong Learningcited by 134
- 2021Avalanche: an End-to-End Library for Continual Learningcited by 124
- 2022A Closer Look at Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 54
- 2022Continual Normalization: Rethinking Batch Normalization for Online Continual Learningcited by 40
- 2021Class-Incremental Learning with Generative Classifierscited by 39
- 2021A TinyML Platform for On-Device Continual Learning with Quantized Latent Replayscited by 37
- 2023A Unified Approach to Domain Incremental Learning with Memory: Theory and Algorithmcited by 32
- 2021ORBIT: A Real-World Few-Shot Dataset for Teachable Object Recognitioncited by 29
- 2021Is Class-Incremental Enough for Continual Learning?cited by 22
12 most cited of 45 All 45 (JSON)
- 2025Online Continual Learning via Spiking Neural Networks with Sleep Enhanced Latent Replay23 Jun 2025
- 2025Achieving More with Less: Additive Prompt Tuning for Rehearsal-Free Class-Incremental Learning11 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards Experience Replay for Class-Incremental Learning in Fully-Binary Networks10 Mar 2025
- 2025PVBF: A Framework for Mitigating Parameter Variation Imbalance in Online Continual Learning25 Feb 2025
- 2024Region-Based Optimization in Continual Learning for Audio Deepfake Detection16 Dec 2024
- 2024TinySubNets: An efficient and low capacity continual learning strategy14 Dec 2024
- 2024Compressed Latent Replays for Lightweight Continual Learning on Spiking Neural Networks8 May 2024
- 2024Continual Learning of Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey25 Apr 2024
- 2024Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning with Attention-Aware Self-Adaptive Prompt14 Mar 2024
- 2024Continual Learning by Three-Phase Consolidation12 Mar 2024
- 2024EdgeOL: Efficient in-situ Online Learning on Edge Devices30 Jan 2024
- 2024Enabling On-device Continual Learning with Binary Neural Networks18 Jan 2024
12 newest of 45 All 45 (JSON)