A free energy principle for a particular physics
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Abstract (arXiv)
This monograph attempts a theory of every 'thing' that can be distinguished from other things in a statistical sense. The ensuing statistical independencies, mediated by Markov blankets, speak to a recursive composition of ensembles (of things) at increasingly higher spatiotemporal scales. This decomposition provides a description of small things; e.g., quantum mechanics - via the Schrodinger equation, ensembles of small things - via statistical mechanics and related fluctuation theorems, through to big things - via classical mechanics. These descriptions are complemented with a Bayesian mechanics for autonomous or active things. Although this work provides a formulation of every thing, its main contribution is to examine the implications of Markov blankets for self-organisation to nonequilibrium steady-state. In brief, we recover an information geometry and accompanying free energy principle that allows one to interpret the internal states of something as representing or making inferences about its external states. The ensuing Bayesian mechanics is compatible with quantum, statistical and classical mechanics and may offer a formal description of lifelike particles.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Jun 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 9; 2023: 6; 2024: 3; 2025: 7; 2026: 5.
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- 2022pymdp: A Python library for active inference in discrete state spacescited by 39
- 2022Designing Ecosystems of Intelligence from First Principlescited by 23
- 2023On efficient computation in active inferencecited by 15
- 2024Generative Emergent Communication: Large Language Model is a Collective World Modelcited by 15
- 2025Expected Free Energy-based Planning as Variational Inferencecited by 10
- 2021Applications of the Free Energy Principle to Machine Learning and Neurosciencecited by 9
- 2021Prior Preference Learning from Experts:Designing a Reward with Active Inferencecited by 8
- 2022Object-based active inferencecited by 7
- 2022Interpreting systems as solving POMDPs: a step towards a formal understanding of agencycited by 7
- 2021Active inference, Bayesian optimal design, and expected utilitycited by 6
- 2021Hippocampal formation-inspired probabilistic generative modelcited by 5
- 2021Interpreting Dynamical Systems as Bayesian Reasonerscited by 5
28 more
- 2024Constructive Approach to Bidirectional Influence between Qualia Structure and Language Emergencecited by 5
- 2021A Whole Brain Probabilistic Generative Model: Toward Realizing Cognitive Architectures for Developmental Robotscited by 4
- 2023Realising Synthetic Active Inference Agents, Part I: Epistemic Objectives and Graphical Specification Languagecited by 4
- 2021An active inference model of collective intelligencecited by 3
- 2022Successor Representation Active Inferencecited by 3
- 2022Hybrid Life: Integrating Biological, Artificial, and Cognitive Systemscited by 3
- 2025A "good regulator theorem" for embodied agentscited by 3
- 2022Compositional Active Inference II: Polynomial Dynamics. Approximate Inference Doctrinescited by 2
- 2022A Neural Active Inference Model of Perceptual-Motor Learningcited by 2
- 2023Stochastic Surprisal: An inferential measurement of Free Energy in Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2023Predictive Minds: LLMs As Atypical Active Inference Agentscited by 2
- 2025Universal AI maximizes Variational Empowermentcited by 2
- 2025Self-orthogonalizing attractor neural networks emerging from the free energy principlecited by 2
- 2026Active Inference for Physical AI Agents -- An Engineering Perspectivecited by 2
- 2021Realising Active Inference in Variational Message Passing: the Outcome-blind Certainty Seekercited by 1
- 2021A Mathematical Walkthrough and Discussion of the Free Energy Principlecited by 1
- 2022Bayesian sense of time in biological and artificial brainscited by 1
- 2023Separability, Contextuality, and the Quantum Frame Problemcited by 1
- 2025Self-Evidencing Through Hierarchical Gradient Decomposition: A Dissipative System That Maintains Non-Equilibrium Steady-State by Minimizing Variational Free Energycited by 1
- 2026Belief-Space Control for Personalized Cancer Treatment via Active Inferencecited by 1
- 2021Differentiable Generalised Predictive Codingcited by 0
- 2023Active Inference-Based Optimization of Discriminative Neural Network Classifierscited by 0
- 2024Environment-Centric Active Inferencecited by 0
- 2025Patterns for a New Generation: AI and Agentscited by 0
- 2025Industrial brain: a human-like autonomous neuro-symbolic cognitive decision-making systemcited by 0
- 2026Design, Cups, and Blankets. A Free-Energy-Principle-Based Approach to Product Designcited by 0
- 2026Expected Free Energy-based Planning as Variational Inferencecited by 0
- 2026A Transport-Based Geometry of Belief-Costcited by 0
- 2026A Transport-Based Geometry of Belief-Cost19 Jun 2026
- 2026Expected Free Energy-based Planning as Variational Inference9 Jun 2026
- 2026Belief-Space Control for Personalized Cancer Treatment via Active Inference9 Jun 2026
- 2026Design, Cups, and Blankets. A Free-Energy-Principle-Based Approach to Product Design24 Apr 2026
- 2026Active Inference for Physical AI Agents -- An Engineering Perspective21 Mar 2026
- 2025Self-Evidencing Through Hierarchical Gradient Decomposition: A Dissipative System That Maintains Non-Equilibrium Steady-State by Minimizing Variational Free Energy20 Oct 2025
- 2025A "good regulator theorem" for embodied agents4 Aug 2025
- 2025Industrial brain: a human-like autonomous neuro-symbolic cognitive decision-making system30 Jun 2025
- 2025Patterns for a New Generation: AI and Agents11 Jun 2025
- 2025Self-orthogonalizing attractor neural networks emerging from the free energy principle28 May 2025
- 2025Expected Free Energy-based Planning as Variational Inference21 Apr 2025
- 2025Universal AI maximizes Variational Empowerment20 Feb 2025
28 more
- 2024Generative Emergent Communication: Large Language Model is a Collective World Model31 Dec 2024
- 2024Constructive Approach to Bidirectional Influence between Qualia Structure and Language Emergence14 Sep 2024
- 2024Environment-Centric Active Inference23 Aug 2024
- 2023Predictive Minds: LLMs As Atypical Active Inference Agents16 Nov 2023
- 2023On efficient computation in active inference2 Jul 2023
- 2023Realising Synthetic Active Inference Agents, Part I: Epistemic Objectives and Graphical Specification Language13 Jun 2023
- 2023Active Inference-Based Optimization of Discriminative Neural Network Classifiers4 Jun 2023
- 2023Separability, Contextuality, and the Quantum Frame Problem19 Apr 2023
- 2023Stochastic Surprisal: An inferential measurement of Free Energy in Neural Networks11 Feb 2023
- 2022Designing Ecosystems of Intelligence from First Principles2 Dec 2022
- 2022Hybrid Life: Integrating Biological, Artificial, and Cognitive Systems1 Dec 2022
- 2022A Neural Active Inference Model of Perceptual-Motor Learning16 Nov 2022
- 2022Interpreting systems as solving POMDPs: a step towards a formal understanding of agency4 Sep 2022
- 2022Object-based active inference2 Sep 2022
- 2022Compositional Active Inference II: Polynomial Dynamics. Approximate Inference Doctrines25 Aug 2022
- 2022Successor Representation Active Inference20 Jul 2022
- 2022Bayesian sense of time in biological and artificial brains14 Jan 2022
- 2022pymdp: A Python library for active inference in discrete state spaces11 Jan 2022
- 2021Interpreting Dynamical Systems as Bayesian Reasoners27 Dec 2021
- 2021Differentiable Generalised Predictive Coding2 Dec 2021
- 2021Active inference, Bayesian optimal design, and expected utility21 Sep 2021
- 2021A Mathematical Walkthrough and Discussion of the Free Energy Principle30 Aug 2021
- 2021Applications of the Free Energy Principle to Machine Learning and Neuroscience30 Jun 2021
- 2021Realising Active Inference in Variational Message Passing: the Outcome-blind Certainty Seeker23 Apr 2021
- 2021An active inference model of collective intelligence2 Apr 2021
- 2021A Whole Brain Probabilistic Generative Model: Toward Realizing Cognitive Architectures for Developmental Robots15 Mar 2021
- 2021Hippocampal formation-inspired probabilistic generative model12 Mar 2021
- 2021Prior Preference Learning from Experts:Designing a Reward with Active Inference22 Jan 2021
- 2023Predictive Minds: LLMs As Atypical Active Inference Agentscited by 2
- 2025Patterns for a New Generation: AI and Agentscited by 0
- 2025Patterns for a New Generation: AI and Agents11 Jun 2025
- 2023Predictive Minds: LLMs As Atypical Active Inference Agents16 Nov 2023
- 2022pymdp: A Python library for active inference in discrete state spacescited by 39
- 2022Designing Ecosystems of Intelligence from First Principlescited by 23
- 2023On efficient computation in active inferencecited by 15
- 2025Expected Free Energy-based Planning as Variational Inferencecited by 10
- 2021Applications of the Free Energy Principle to Machine Learning and Neurosciencecited by 9
- 2022Object-based active inferencecited by 7
- 2022Interpreting systems as solving POMDPs: a step towards a formal understanding of agencycited by 7
- 2021Active inference, Bayesian optimal design, and expected utilitycited by 6
- 2021Hippocampal formation-inspired probabilistic generative modelcited by 5
- 2021Interpreting Dynamical Systems as Bayesian Reasonerscited by 5
- 2024Constructive Approach to Bidirectional Influence between Qualia Structure and Language Emergencecited by 5
- 2021A Whole Brain Probabilistic Generative Model: Toward Realizing Cognitive Architectures for Developmental Robotscited by 4
12 most cited of 36 All 36 (JSON)
- 2026A Transport-Based Geometry of Belief-Cost19 Jun 2026
- 2026Expected Free Energy-based Planning as Variational Inference9 Jun 2026
- 2026Belief-Space Control for Personalized Cancer Treatment via Active Inference9 Jun 2026
- 2026Design, Cups, and Blankets. A Free-Energy-Principle-Based Approach to Product Design24 Apr 2026
- 2026Active Inference for Physical AI Agents -- An Engineering Perspective21 Mar 2026
- 2025Self-Evidencing Through Hierarchical Gradient Decomposition: A Dissipative System That Maintains Non-Equilibrium Steady-State by Minimizing Variational Free Energy20 Oct 2025
- 2025A "good regulator theorem" for embodied agents4 Aug 2025
- 2025Industrial brain: a human-like autonomous neuro-symbolic cognitive decision-making system30 Jun 2025
- 2025Self-orthogonalizing attractor neural networks emerging from the free energy principle28 May 2025
- 2025Expected Free Energy-based Planning as Variational Inference21 Apr 2025
- 2025Universal AI maximizes Variational Empowerment20 Feb 2025
- 2024Constructive Approach to Bidirectional Influence between Qualia Structure and Language Emergence14 Sep 2024
12 newest of 36 All 36 (JSON)