Fine-tuning Pre-Trained Transformer Language Models to Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction
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Abstract (arXiv)
Distantly supervised relation extraction is widely used to extract relational facts from text, but suffers from noisy labels. Current relation extraction methods try to alleviate the noise by multi-instance learning and by providing supporting linguistic and contextual information to more efficiently guide the relation classification. While achieving state-of-the-art results, we observed these models to be biased towards recognizing a limited set of relations with high precision, while ignoring those in the long tail. To address this gap, we utilize a pre-trained language model, the OpenAI Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) [Radford et al., 2018]. The GPT and similar models have been shown to capture semantic and syntactic features, and also a notable amount of "common-sense" knowledge, which we hypothesize are important features for recognizing a more diverse set of relations. By extending the GPT to the distantly supervised setting, and fine-tuning it on the NYT10 dataset, we show that it predicts a larger set of distinct relation types with high confidence. Manual and automated evaluation of our model shows that it achieves a state-of-the-art AUC score of 0.422 on the NYT10 dataset, and performs especially well at higher recall levels.
Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 7; 2023: 6; 2024: 2; 2025: 3.
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- 2021MentalBERT: Publicly Available Pretrained Language Models for Mental Healthcarecited by 159
- 2021An Improved Baseline for Sentence-level Relation Extractioncited by 80
- 2023LasUIE: Unifying Information Extraction with Latent Adaptive Structure-aware Generative Language Modelcited by 43
- 2024Selecting Large Language Model to Fine-tune via Rectified Scaling Lawcited by 33
- 2021Multi-scale Matching Networks for Semantic Correspondencecited by 32
- 2023SPDF: Sparse Pre-training and Dense Fine-tuning for Large Language Modelscited by 26
- 2023Improving Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models via Data Importance Learningcited by 17
- 2021Crossing the Conversational Chasm: A Primer on Natural Language Processing for Multilingual Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 16
- 2021Billion-scale Pre-trained E-commerce Product Knowledge Graph Modelcited by 13
- 2021CIL: Contrastive Instance Learning Framework for Distantly Supervised Relation Extractioncited by 13
- 2021Manual Evaluation Matters: Reviewing Test Protocols of Distantly Supervised Relation Extractioncited by 12
- 2021Improving Distantly-Supervised Relation Extraction through BERT-based Label & Instance Embeddingscited by 10
24 more
- 2021SENT: Sentence-level Distant Relation Extraction via Negative Trainingcited by 10
- 2021Distantly-Supervised Long-Tailed Relation Extraction Using Constraint Graphscited by 9
- 2021SocAoG: Incremental Graph Parsing for Social Relation Inference in Dialoguescited by 9
- 2023Knowledge Engineering using Large Language Modelscited by 9
- 2021Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction with Sentence Reconstruction and Knowledge Base Priorscited by 8
- 2022HiCLRE: A Hierarchical Contrastive Learning Framework for Distantly Supervised Relation Extractioncited by 8
- 2022Why only Micro-F1? Class Weighting of Measures for Relation Classificationcited by 8
- 2021Abstractified Multi-instance Learning (AMIL) for Biomedical Relation Extractioncited by 7
- 2022Multilingual Relation Classification via Efficient and Effective Promptingcited by 7
- 2023Completeness, Recall, and Negation in Open-World Knowledge Bases: A Surveycited by 7
- 2021Knowing False Negatives: An Adversarial Training Method for Distantly Supervised Relation Extractioncited by 5
- 2021PARE: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Monolingual and Multilingual Distantly Supervised Relation Extractioncited by 4
- 2022An Overview of Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction with a Focus on Denoising and Pre-training Methodscited by 3
- 2021Sent2Span: Span Detection for PICO Extraction in the Biomedical Text without Span Annotationscited by 2
- 2022MedDistant19: Towards an Accurate Benchmark for Broad-Coverage Biomedical Relation Extractioncited by 2
- 2024Evaluating the Efficacy of Large Language Models in Identifying Phishing Attemptscited by 2
- 2021Two Training Strategies for Improving Relation Extraction over Universal Graphcited by 1
- 2022Cross-stitching Text and Knowledge Graph Encoders for Distantly Supervised Relation Extractioncited by 1
- 2025A systematic review of relation extraction task since the emergence of Transformerscited by 1
- 2021A Sample-Based Training Method for Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction with Pre-Trained Transformerscited by 0
- 2022PKGM: A Pre-trained Knowledge Graph Model for E-commerce Applicationcited by 0
- 2023Advancing Relation Extraction through Language Probing with Exemplars from Set Co-Expansioncited by 0
- 2025Reduction of Supervision for Biomedical Knowledge Discoverycited by 0
- 2025ProdRev: A DNN framework for empowering customers using generative pre-trained transformerscited by 0
- 2025A systematic review of relation extraction task since the emergence of Transformers5 Nov 2025
- 2025ProdRev: A DNN framework for empowering customers using generative pre-trained transformers14 May 2025
- 2025Reduction of Supervision for Biomedical Knowledge Discovery13 Apr 2025
- 2024Evaluating the Efficacy of Large Language Models in Identifying Phishing Attempts23 Apr 2024
- 2024Selecting Large Language Model to Fine-tune via Rectified Scaling Law4 Feb 2024
- 2023Knowledge Engineering using Large Language Models1 Oct 2023
- 2023Advancing Relation Extraction through Language Probing with Exemplars from Set Co-Expansion18 Aug 2023
- 2023Improving Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models via Data Importance Learning6 Jul 2023
- 2023Completeness, Recall, and Negation in Open-World Knowledge Bases: A Survey9 May 2023
- 2023LasUIE: Unifying Information Extraction with Latent Adaptive Structure-aware Generative Language Model13 Apr 2023
- 2023SPDF: Sparse Pre-training and Dense Fine-tuning for Large Language Models18 Mar 2023
- 2022Cross-stitching Text and Knowledge Graph Encoders for Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction2 Nov 2022
24 more
- 2022Multilingual Relation Classification via Efficient and Effective Prompting25 Oct 2022
- 2022An Overview of Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction with a Focus on Denoising and Pre-training Methods17 Jul 2022
- 2022Why only Micro-F1? Class Weighting of Measures for Relation Classification19 May 2022
- 2022MedDistant19: Towards an Accurate Benchmark for Broad-Coverage Biomedical Relation Extraction10 Apr 2022
- 2022PKGM: A Pre-trained Knowledge Graph Model for E-commerce Application2 Mar 2022
- 2022HiCLRE: A Hierarchical Contrastive Learning Framework for Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction27 Feb 2022
- 2021MentalBERT: Publicly Available Pretrained Language Models for Mental Healthcare29 Oct 2021
- 2021Abstractified Multi-instance Learning (AMIL) for Biomedical Relation Extraction24 Oct 2021
- 2021PARE: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Monolingual and Multilingual Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction14 Oct 2021
- 2021Sent2Span: Span Detection for PICO Extraction in the Biomedical Text without Span Annotations6 Sep 2021
- 2021Knowing False Negatives: An Adversarial Training Method for Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction5 Sep 2021
- 2021Multi-scale Matching Networks for Semantic Correspondence31 Jul 2021
- 2021SENT: Sentence-level Distant Relation Extraction via Negative Training22 Jun 2021
- 2021CIL: Contrastive Instance Learning Framework for Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction21 Jun 2021
- 2021SocAoG: Incremental Graph Parsing for Social Relation Inference in Dialogues2 Jun 2021
- 2021Distantly-Supervised Long-Tailed Relation Extraction Using Constraint Graphs24 May 2021
- 2021Manual Evaluation Matters: Reviewing Test Protocols of Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction20 May 2021
- 2021Billion-scale Pre-trained E-commerce Product Knowledge Graph Model2 May 2021
- 2021Crossing the Conversational Chasm: A Primer on Natural Language Processing for Multilingual Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems17 Apr 2021
- 2021Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction with Sentence Reconstruction and Knowledge Base Priors16 Apr 2021
- 2021A Sample-Based Training Method for Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction with Pre-Trained Transformers15 Apr 2021
- 2021Two Training Strategies for Improving Relation Extraction over Universal Graph12 Feb 2021
- 2021An Improved Baseline for Sentence-level Relation Extraction2 Feb 2021
- 2021Improving Distantly-Supervised Relation Extraction through BERT-based Label & Instance Embeddings1 Feb 2021
- 2021MentalBERT: Publicly Available Pretrained Language Models for Mental Healthcarecited by 159
- 2021An Improved Baseline for Sentence-level Relation Extractioncited by 80
- 2023LasUIE: Unifying Information Extraction with Latent Adaptive Structure-aware Generative Language Modelcited by 43
- 2024Selecting Large Language Model to Fine-tune via Rectified Scaling Lawcited by 33
- 2021Multi-scale Matching Networks for Semantic Correspondencecited by 32
- 2023SPDF: Sparse Pre-training and Dense Fine-tuning for Large Language Modelscited by 26
- 2021Crossing the Conversational Chasm: A Primer on Natural Language Processing for Multilingual Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 16
- 2021Billion-scale Pre-trained E-commerce Product Knowledge Graph Modelcited by 13
- 2021CIL: Contrastive Instance Learning Framework for Distantly Supervised Relation Extractioncited by 13
- 2021Manual Evaluation Matters: Reviewing Test Protocols of Distantly Supervised Relation Extractioncited by 12
- 2021Improving Distantly-Supervised Relation Extraction through BERT-based Label & Instance Embeddingscited by 10
- 2021SENT: Sentence-level Distant Relation Extraction via Negative Trainingcited by 10
12 most cited of 35 All 35 (JSON)
- 2025A systematic review of relation extraction task since the emergence of Transformers5 Nov 2025
- 2025ProdRev: A DNN framework for empowering customers using generative pre-trained transformers14 May 2025
- 2025Reduction of Supervision for Biomedical Knowledge Discovery13 Apr 2025
- 2024Evaluating the Efficacy of Large Language Models in Identifying Phishing Attempts23 Apr 2024
- 2024Selecting Large Language Model to Fine-tune via Rectified Scaling Law4 Feb 2024
- 2023Knowledge Engineering using Large Language Models1 Oct 2023
- 2023Advancing Relation Extraction through Language Probing with Exemplars from Set Co-Expansion18 Aug 2023
- 2023Completeness, Recall, and Negation in Open-World Knowledge Bases: A Survey9 May 2023
- 2023LasUIE: Unifying Information Extraction with Latent Adaptive Structure-aware Generative Language Model13 Apr 2023
- 2023SPDF: Sparse Pre-training and Dense Fine-tuning for Large Language Models18 Mar 2023
- 2022Cross-stitching Text and Knowledge Graph Encoders for Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction2 Nov 2022
- 2022Multilingual Relation Classification via Efficient and Effective Prompting25 Oct 2022
12 newest of 35 All 35 (JSON)