Kandinsky Patterns
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Abstract (arXiv)
Kandinsky Figures and Kandinsky Patterns are mathematically describable, simple self-contained hence controllable test data sets for the development, validation and training of explainability in artificial intelligence. Whilst Kandinsky Patterns have these computationally manageable properties, they are at the same time easily distinguishable from human observers. Consequently, controlled patterns can be described by both humans and computers. We define a Kandinsky Pattern as a set of Kandinsky Figures, where for each figure an "infallible authority" defines that the figure belongs to the Kandinsky Pattern. With this simple principle we build training and validation data sets for automatic interpretability and context learning. In this paper we describe the basic idea and some underlying principles of Kandinsky Patterns and provide a Github repository to invite the international machine learning research community to a challenge to experiment with our Kandinsky Patterns to expand and thus make progress in the field of explainable AI and to contribute to the upcoming field of explainability and causability.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Jun 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 3; 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 1; 2026: 3.
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- 2023Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) 2.0: A Manifesto of Open Challenges and Interdisciplinary Research Directionscited by 123
- 2024BEARS Make Neuro-Symbolic Models Aware of their Reasoning Shortcutscited by 36
- 2024A Neuro-Symbolic Benchmark Suite for Concept Quality and Reasoning Shortcutscited by 19
- 2021Neuro-Symbolic Forward Reasoningcited by 16
- 2023Learning Differentiable Logic Programs for Abstract Visual Reasoningcited by 12
- 2022Greybox XAI: a Neural-Symbolic learning framework to produce interpretable predictions for image classificationcited by 11
- 2022A survey on knowledge-enhanced multimodal learningcited by 11
- 2021KANDINSKYPatterns -- An experimental exploration environment for Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligencecited by 5
- 2024The KANDY Benchmark: Incremental Neuro-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning with Kandinsky Patternscited by 5
- 2022Neural Meta-Symbolic Reasoning and Learningcited by 4
- 2024Study on the Helpfulness of Explainable Artificial Intelligencecited by 4
- 2021Logical Assessment Formula and Its Principles for Evaluations with Inaccurate Ground-Truth Labelscited by 3
4 more
- 2025Right for the Right Reasons: Avoiding Reasoning Shortcuts via Prototypical Neurosymbolic AIcited by 3
- 2026Visual Perceptual to Conceptual First-Order Rule Learning Networkscited by 0
- 2026COCOLogic-V2: Identifying Logical Inconsistencies via Truly Hard-Negativescited by 0
- 2026Soft Symbol Grounding for Prototypical Conceptscited by 0
- 2026Soft Symbol Grounding for Prototypical Concepts10 Sep 2026
- 2026COCOLogic-V2: Identifying Logical Inconsistencies via Truly Hard-Negatives26 Jun 2026
- 2026Visual Perceptual to Conceptual First-Order Rule Learning Networks9 Apr 2026
- 2025Right for the Right Reasons: Avoiding Reasoning Shortcuts via Prototypical Neurosymbolic AI29 Oct 2025
- 2024Study on the Helpfulness of Explainable Artificial Intelligence14 Oct 2024
- 2024A Neuro-Symbolic Benchmark Suite for Concept Quality and Reasoning Shortcuts14 Jun 2024
- 2024The KANDY Benchmark: Incremental Neuro-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning with Kandinsky Patterns27 Feb 2024
- 2024BEARS Make Neuro-Symbolic Models Aware of their Reasoning Shortcuts19 Feb 2024
- 2023Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) 2.0: A Manifesto of Open Challenges and Interdisciplinary Research Directions30 Oct 2023
- 2023Learning Differentiable Logic Programs for Abstract Visual Reasoning3 Jul 2023
- 2022Neural Meta-Symbolic Reasoning and Learning21 Nov 2022
- 2022A survey on knowledge-enhanced multimodal learning19 Nov 2022
4 more
- 2022Greybox XAI: a Neural-Symbolic learning framework to produce interpretable predictions for image classification26 Sep 2022
- 2021Logical Assessment Formula and Its Principles for Evaluations with Inaccurate Ground-Truth Labels22 Oct 2021
- 2021Neuro-Symbolic Forward Reasoning18 Oct 2021
- 2021KANDINSKYPatterns -- An experimental exploration environment for Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence28 Feb 2021
- 2023Learning Differentiable Logic Programs for Abstract Visual Reasoningcited by 12
- 2022Neural Meta-Symbolic Reasoning and Learningcited by 4
- 2025Right for the Right Reasons: Avoiding Reasoning Shortcuts via Prototypical Neurosymbolic AIcited by 3
- 2026Visual Perceptual to Conceptual First-Order Rule Learning Networkscited by 0
- 2026Visual Perceptual to Conceptual First-Order Rule Learning Networks9 Apr 2026
- 2025Right for the Right Reasons: Avoiding Reasoning Shortcuts via Prototypical Neurosymbolic AI29 Oct 2025
- 2023Learning Differentiable Logic Programs for Abstract Visual Reasoning3 Jul 2023
- 2022Neural Meta-Symbolic Reasoning and Learning21 Nov 2022
- 2023Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) 2.0: A Manifesto of Open Challenges and Interdisciplinary Research Directionscited by 123
- 2024BEARS Make Neuro-Symbolic Models Aware of their Reasoning Shortcutscited by 36
- 2024A Neuro-Symbolic Benchmark Suite for Concept Quality and Reasoning Shortcutscited by 19
- 2021Neuro-Symbolic Forward Reasoningcited by 16
- 2022Greybox XAI: a Neural-Symbolic learning framework to produce interpretable predictions for image classificationcited by 11
- 2022A survey on knowledge-enhanced multimodal learningcited by 11
- 2021KANDINSKYPatterns -- An experimental exploration environment for Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligencecited by 5
- 2024The KANDY Benchmark: Incremental Neuro-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning with Kandinsky Patternscited by 5
- 2024Study on the Helpfulness of Explainable Artificial Intelligencecited by 4
- 2021Logical Assessment Formula and Its Principles for Evaluations with Inaccurate Ground-Truth Labelscited by 3
- 2026COCOLogic-V2: Identifying Logical Inconsistencies via Truly Hard-Negativescited by 0
- 2026Soft Symbol Grounding for Prototypical Conceptscited by 0
- 2026Soft Symbol Grounding for Prototypical Concepts10 Sep 2026
- 2026COCOLogic-V2: Identifying Logical Inconsistencies via Truly Hard-Negatives26 Jun 2026
- 2024Study on the Helpfulness of Explainable Artificial Intelligence14 Oct 2024
- 2024A Neuro-Symbolic Benchmark Suite for Concept Quality and Reasoning Shortcuts14 Jun 2024
- 2024The KANDY Benchmark: Incremental Neuro-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning with Kandinsky Patterns27 Feb 2024
- 2024BEARS Make Neuro-Symbolic Models Aware of their Reasoning Shortcuts19 Feb 2024
- 2023Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) 2.0: A Manifesto of Open Challenges and Interdisciplinary Research Directions30 Oct 2023
- 2022A survey on knowledge-enhanced multimodal learning19 Nov 2022
- 2022Greybox XAI: a Neural-Symbolic learning framework to produce interpretable predictions for image classification26 Sep 2022
- 2021Logical Assessment Formula and Its Principles for Evaluations with Inaccurate Ground-Truth Labels22 Oct 2021
- 2021Neuro-Symbolic Forward Reasoning18 Oct 2021
- 2021KANDINSKYPatterns -- An experimental exploration environment for Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence28 Feb 2021