mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

How should my chatbot interact? A survey on human-chatbot interaction design

arXiv 1904.02743 ↗First posted 4 Apr 2019cs.HCcited by 56

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Abstract (arXiv)

Chatbots' growing popularity has brought new challenges to HCI, having changed the patterns of human interactions with computers. The increasing need to approximate conversational interaction styles raises expectations for chatbots to present social behaviors that are habitual in human-human communication. In this survey, we argue that chatbots should be enriched with social characteristics that cohere with users' expectations, ultimately avoiding frustration and dissatisfaction. We bring together the literature on disembodied, text-based chatbots to derive a conceptual model of social characteristics for chatbots. We analyzed 56 papers from various domains to understand how social characteristics can benefit human-chatbot interactions and identify the challenges and strategies to designing them. Additionally, we discussed how characteristics may influence one another. Our results provide relevant opportunities to both researchers and designers to advance human-chatbot interactions.

Key facts. Cited by 56 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Apr 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 5; 2023: 10; 2024: 20; 2025: 12; 2026: 7.

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  1. 2024Towards Measuring and Modeling "Culture" in LLMs: A Surveycited by 166
  2. 2024Towards Human-centered Proactive Conversational Agentscited by 48
  3. 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Large Language Models and Multimodal Large Language Models in Medicinecited by 45
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  6. 2024TeachTune: Reviewing Pedagogical Agents Against Diverse Student Profiles with Simulated Studentscited by 25
  7. 2024ComPeer: A Generative Conversational Agent for Proactive Peer Supportcited by 24
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  9. 2023Bias and Fairness in Chatbots: An Overviewcited by 20
  10. 2024CloChat: Understanding How People Customize, Interact, and Experience Personas in Large Language Modelscited by 19
  11. 2025Multimodal Large Language Models for Medicine: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 16
  12. 2024Understanding the Impact of Long-Term Memory on Self-Disclosure with Large Language Model-Driven Chatbots for Public Health Interventioncited by 15
38 more
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  3. 2025Understanding Teen Overreliance on AI Companion Chatbots Through Self-Reported Reddit Narrativescited by 12
  4. 2024Rethinking Software Engineering in the Foundation Model Era: From Task-Driven AI Copilots to Goal-Driven AI Pair Programmerscited by 11
  5. 2025Culture is Everywhere: A Call for Intentionally Cultural Evaluationcited by 10
  6. 2023Evaluating Task-oriented Dialogue Systems: A Systematic Review of Measures, Constructs and their Operationalisationscited by 9
  7. 2024Concept -- An Evaluation Protocol on Conversational Recommender Systems with System-centric and User-centric Factorscited by 9
  8. 2025ProactiveEval: A Unified Evaluation Framework for Proactive Dialogue Agentscited by 9
  9. 2022Conversational Agents: Theory and Applicationscited by 8
  10. 2023Comparing How a Chatbot References User Utterances from Previous Chatting Sessions: An Investigation of Users' Privacy Concerns and Perceptionscited by 8
  11. 2025Meta-Cultural Competence: Climbing the Right Hill of Cultural Awarenesscited by 8
  12. 2025SaudiCulture: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models Cultural Competence within Saudi Arabiacited by 8
  13. 2023MedGPTEval: A Dataset and Benchmark to Evaluate Responses of Large Language Models in Medicinecited by 7
  14. 2024Understanding Communication Preferences of Information Workers in Engagement with Text-Based Conversational Agentscited by 6
  15. 2025OS-MAP: How Far Can Computer-Using Agents Go in Breadth and Depth?cited by 6
  16. 2023Synergizing Human-AI Agency: A Guide of 23 Heuristics for Service Co-Creation with LLM-Based Agentscited by 5
  17. 2021A Role-Selected Sharing Network for Joint Machine-Human Chatting Handoff and Service Satisfaction Analysiscited by 4
  18. 2022Neural Generation Meets Real People: Building a Social, Informative Open-Domain Dialogue Agentcited by 4
  19. 2022Improving Proactive Dialog Agents Using Socially-Aware Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
  20. 2024Social Life Simulation for Non-Cognitive Skills Learningcited by 3
  21. 2026Does My Chatbot Have an Agenda? Understanding Human and AI Agency in Human-Human-like Chatbot Interactioncited by 3
  22. 2023Fictional Worlds, Real Connections: Developing Community Storytelling Social Chatbots through LLMscited by 2
  23. 2024KoDialogBench: Evaluating Conversational Understanding of Language Models with Korean Dialogue Benchmarkcited by 2
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  25. 2024Introducing Brain-like Concepts to Embodied Hand-crafted Dialog Management Systemcited by 2
  26. 2025SimuPanel: A Novel Immersive Multi-Agent System to Simulate Interactive Expert Panel Discussioncited by 2
  27. 2026Synthetic Users, Real Differences: an Evaluation Framework for User Simulation in Multi-Turn Conversationscited by 2
  28. 2022A Comprehensive Survey of Natural Language Generation Advances from the Perspective of Digital Deceptioncited by 1
  29. 2023Talk2Care: Facilitating Asynchronous Patient-Provider Communication with Large-Language-Modelcited by 1
  30. 2023An Analysis of Dialogue Repair in Voice Assistantscited by 1
  31. 2023Cognitively Inspired Components for Social Conversational Agentscited by 1
  32. 2023Anticipating User Needs: Insights from Design Fiction on Conversational Agents for Computational Thinkingcited by 1
  33. 2024Large Language Models as Conversational Movie Recommenders: A User Studycited by 1
  34. 2024Tailoring Generative AI Chatbots for Multiethnic Communities in Disaster Preparedness Communication: Extending the CASA Paradigmcited by 1
  35. 2024CL-HOI: Cross-Level Human-Object Interaction Distillation from Vision Large Language Modelscited by 1
  36. 2025Finding A Voice: Exploring the Potential of African American Dialect and Voice Generation for Chatbotscited by 1
  37. 2025"Shall We Dig Deeper?": Designing and Evaluating Strategies for LLM Agents to Advance Knowledge Co-Construction in Asynchronous Online Discussionscited by 1
  38. 2026Who Owns the Text? Design Patterns for Preserving Authorship in AI-Assisted Writingcited by 1

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