Reinforcement Learning Based Text Style Transfer without Parallel Training Corpus
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Abstract (arXiv)
Text style transfer rephrases a text from a source style (e.g., informal) to a target style (e.g., formal) while keeping its original meaning. Despite the success existing works have achieved using a parallel corpus for the two styles, transferring text style has proven significantly more challenging when there is no parallel training corpus. In this paper, we address this challenge by using a reinforcement-learning-based generator-evaluator architecture. Our generator employs an attention-based encoder-decoder to transfer a sentence from the source style to the target style. Our evaluator is an adversarially trained style discriminator with semantic and syntactic constraints that score the generated sentence for style, meaning preservation, and fluency. Experimental results on two different style transfer tasks (sentiment transfer and formality transfer) show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, we perform a manual evaluation that demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method using subjective metrics of generated text quality.
Key facts. Cited by 38 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 9; 2023: 4; 2024: 8; 2025: 0; 2026: 4.
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- 2021Mind the Style of Text! Adversarial and Backdoor Attacks Based on Text Style Transfercited by 158
- 2022LENS: A Learnable Evaluation Metric for Text Simplificationcited by 54
- 2021XFORMAL: A Benchmark for Multilingual Formality Style Transfercited by 52
- 2022Critic-Guided Decoding for Controlled Text Generationcited by 45
- 2021Civil Rephrases Of Toxic Texts With Self-Supervised Transformerscited by 32
- 2021Thank you BART! Rewarding Pre-Trained Models Improves Formality Style Transfercited by 28
- 2021Evaluating the Evaluation Metrics for Style Transfer: A Case Study in Multilingual Formality Transfercited by 25
- 2023A Call for Standardization and Validation of Text Style Transfer Evaluationcited by 14
- 2023STEER: Unified Style Transfer with Expert Reinforcementcited by 14
- 2024Dynamic Multi-Reward Weighting for Multi-Style Controllable Generationcited by 13
- 2021Transductive Learning for Unsupervised Text Style Transfercited by 12
- 2024Distilling Text Style Transfer With Self-Explanation From LLMscited by 12
26 more
- 2022Non-Parallel Text Style Transfer with Self-Parallel Supervisioncited by 11
- 2024Authorship Style Transfer with Policy Optimizationcited by 11
- 2024DetoxLLM: A Framework for Detoxification with Explanationscited by 10
- 2021Political Depolarization of News Articles Using Attribute-aware Word Embeddingscited by 9
- 2021Language Model Augmented Relevance Scorecited by 7
- 2021Idiomatic Expression Paraphrasing without Strong Supervisioncited by 7
- 2022Efficient Reinforcement Learning for Unsupervised Controlled Text Generationcited by 7
- 2023Extrapolative Controlled Sequence Generation via Iterative Refinementcited by 7
- 2024LLM-based Rewriting of Inappropriate Argumentation using Reinforcement Learning from Machine Feedbackcited by 7
- 2021From Solving a Problem Boldly to Cutting the Gordian Knot: Idiomatic Text Generationcited by 5
- 2021From Theories on Styles to their Transfer in Text: Bridging the Gap with a Hierarchical Surveycited by 5
- 2023Translating away Translationese without Parallel Datacited by 5
- 2022StyleFlow: Disentangle Latent Representations via Normalizing Flow for Unsupervised Text Style Transfercited by 4
- 2024Style Transfer with Multi-iteration Preference Optimizationcited by 4
- 2022Entailment Relation Aware Paraphrase Generationcited by 3
- 2024Generating Attractive and Authentic Copywriting from Customer Reviewscited by 2
- 2021SE-DAE: Style-Enhanced Denoising Auto-Encoder for Unsupervised Text Style Transfercited by 1
- 2022Sequential Search with Off-Policy Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2024Positive Text Reframing under Multi-strategy Optimizationcited by 1
- 2026Unsupervised Text Style Transfer for Controllable Intensitycited by 1
- 2026Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performancecited by 1
- 2021Empirical Evaluation of Supervision Signals for Style Transfer Modelscited by 0
- 2022Learning from Bootstrapping and Stepwise Reinforcement Reward: A Semi-Supervised Framework for Text Style Transfercited by 0
- 2022SimpleStyle: An Adaptable Style Transfer Approachcited by 0
- 2026Teaching LLMs Human-Like Editing of Inappropriate Argumentation via Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2026Forging LLM Authorship Fingerprints with Targeted Rewritingcited by 0
- 2026Forging LLM Authorship Fingerprints with Targeted Rewriting30 Sep 2026
- 2026Teaching LLMs Human-Like Editing of Inappropriate Argumentation via Reinforcement Learning14 Apr 2026
- 2026Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance12 Apr 2026
- 2026Unsupervised Text Style Transfer for Controllable Intensity3 Jan 2026
- 2024Positive Text Reframing under Multi-strategy Optimization25 Jul 2024
- 2024Style Transfer with Multi-iteration Preference Optimization17 Jun 2024
- 2024LLM-based Rewriting of Inappropriate Argumentation using Reinforcement Learning from Machine Feedback5 Jun 2024
- 2024Generating Attractive and Authentic Copywriting from Customer Reviews22 Apr 2024
- 2024Authorship Style Transfer with Policy Optimization12 Mar 2024
- 2024Distilling Text Style Transfer With Self-Explanation From LLMs2 Mar 2024
- 2024DetoxLLM: A Framework for Detoxification with Explanations25 Feb 2024
- 2024Dynamic Multi-Reward Weighting for Multi-Style Controllable Generation21 Feb 2024
26 more
- 2023STEER: Unified Style Transfer with Expert Reinforcement13 Nov 2023
- 2023Translating away Translationese without Parallel Data28 Oct 2023
- 2023A Call for Standardization and Validation of Text Style Transfer Evaluation1 Jun 2023
- 2023Extrapolative Controlled Sequence Generation via Iterative Refinement8 Mar 2023
- 2022Critic-Guided Decoding for Controlled Text Generation21 Dec 2022
- 2022SimpleStyle: An Adaptable Style Transfer Approach20 Dec 2022
- 2022LENS: A Learnable Evaluation Metric for Text Simplification19 Dec 2022
- 2022StyleFlow: Disentangle Latent Representations via Normalizing Flow for Unsupervised Text Style Transfer19 Dec 2022
- 2022Learning from Bootstrapping and Stepwise Reinforcement Reward: A Semi-Supervised Framework for Text Style Transfer19 May 2022
- 2022Non-Parallel Text Style Transfer with Self-Parallel Supervision18 Apr 2022
- 2022Efficient Reinforcement Learning for Unsupervised Controlled Text Generation16 Apr 2022
- 2022Entailment Relation Aware Paraphrase Generation20 Mar 2022
- 2022Sequential Search with Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning1 Feb 2022
- 2021Idiomatic Expression Paraphrasing without Strong Supervision16 Dec 2021
- 2021From Theories on Styles to their Transfer in Text: Bridging the Gap with a Hierarchical Survey29 Oct 2021
- 2021Evaluating the Evaluation Metrics for Style Transfer: A Case Study in Multilingual Formality Transfer20 Oct 2021
- 2021Mind the Style of Text! Adversarial and Backdoor Attacks Based on Text Style Transfer14 Oct 2021
- 2021Transductive Learning for Unsupervised Text Style Transfer16 Sep 2021
- 2021Language Model Augmented Relevance Score19 Aug 2021
- 2021Thank you BART! Rewarding Pre-Trained Models Improves Formality Style Transfer14 May 2021
- 2021SE-DAE: Style-Enhanced Denoising Auto-Encoder for Unsupervised Text Style Transfer27 Apr 2021
- 2021From Solving a Problem Boldly to Cutting the Gordian Knot: Idiomatic Text Generation13 Apr 2021
- 2021XFORMAL: A Benchmark for Multilingual Formality Style Transfer8 Apr 2021
- 2021Civil Rephrases Of Toxic Texts With Self-Supervised Transformers1 Feb 2021
- 2021Empirical Evaluation of Supervision Signals for Style Transfer Models15 Jan 2021
- 2021Political Depolarization of News Articles Using Attribute-aware Word Embeddings5 Jan 2021
- 2024Style Transfer with Multi-iteration Preference Optimization17 Jun 2024
- 2022LENS: A Learnable Evaluation Metric for Text Simplificationcited by 54
- 2021XFORMAL: A Benchmark for Multilingual Formality Style Transfercited by 52
- 2022Critic-Guided Decoding for Controlled Text Generationcited by 45
- 2021Civil Rephrases Of Toxic Texts With Self-Supervised Transformerscited by 32
- 2021Thank you BART! Rewarding Pre-Trained Models Improves Formality Style Transfercited by 28
- 2021Evaluating the Evaluation Metrics for Style Transfer: A Case Study in Multilingual Formality Transfercited by 25
- 2023A Call for Standardization and Validation of Text Style Transfer Evaluationcited by 14
- 2023STEER: Unified Style Transfer with Expert Reinforcementcited by 14
- 2024Dynamic Multi-Reward Weighting for Multi-Style Controllable Generationcited by 13
- 2021Transductive Learning for Unsupervised Text Style Transfercited by 12
- 2024Distilling Text Style Transfer With Self-Explanation From LLMscited by 12
- 2022Non-Parallel Text Style Transfer with Self-Parallel Supervisioncited by 11
12 most cited of 36 All 36 (JSON)
- 2026Forging LLM Authorship Fingerprints with Targeted Rewriting30 Sep 2026
- 2026Teaching LLMs Human-Like Editing of Inappropriate Argumentation via Reinforcement Learning14 Apr 2026
- 2026Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance12 Apr 2026
- 2026Unsupervised Text Style Transfer for Controllable Intensity3 Jan 2026
- 2024Positive Text Reframing under Multi-strategy Optimization25 Jul 2024
- 2024LLM-based Rewriting of Inappropriate Argumentation using Reinforcement Learning from Machine Feedback5 Jun 2024
- 2024Generating Attractive and Authentic Copywriting from Customer Reviews22 Apr 2024
- 2024Authorship Style Transfer with Policy Optimization12 Mar 2024
- 2024Distilling Text Style Transfer With Self-Explanation From LLMs2 Mar 2024
- 2024DetoxLLM: A Framework for Detoxification with Explanations25 Feb 2024
- 2024Dynamic Multi-Reward Weighting for Multi-Style Controllable Generation21 Feb 2024
- 2023STEER: Unified Style Transfer with Expert Reinforcement13 Nov 2023
12 newest of 36 All 36 (JSON)