Phase-aware Speech Enhancement with Deep Complex U-Net
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Abstract (arXiv)
Most deep learning-based models for speech enhancement have mainly focused on estimating the magnitude of spectrogram while reusing the phase from noisy speech for reconstruction. This is due to the difficulty of estimating the phase of clean speech. To improve speech enhancement performance, we tackle the phase estimation problem in three ways. First, we propose Deep Complex U-Net, an advanced U-Net structured model incorporating well-defined complex-valued building blocks to deal with complex-valued spectrograms. Second, we propose a polar coordinate-wise complex-valued masking method to reflect the distribution of complex ideal ratio masks. Third, we define a novel loss function, weighted source-to-distortion ratio (wSDR) loss, which is designed to directly correlate with a quantitative evaluation measure. Our model was evaluated on a mixture of the Voice Bank corpus and DEMAND database, which has been widely used by many deep learning models for speech enhancement. Ablation experiments were conducted on the mixed dataset showing that all three proposed approaches are empirically valid. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance in all metrics, outperforming previous approaches by a large margin.
Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 15; 2022: 13; 2023: 15; 2024: 14; 2025: 11; 2026: 5.
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- 2022Speech Enhancement and Dereverberation with Diffusion-based Generative Modelscited by 197
- 2022Speech Enhancement with Score-Based Generative Models in the Complex STFT Domaincited by 102
- 2022Audio Self-supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 65
- 2022Visual Acoustic Matchingcited by 45
- 2021TSTNN: Two-stage Transformer based Neural Network for Speech Enhancement in the Time Domaincited by 36
- 2021Looking into Your Speech: Learning Cross-modal Affinity for Audio-visual Speech Separationcited by 27
- 2021Personalized Speech Enhancement: New Models and Comprehensive Evaluationcited by 21
- 2022RemixIT: Continual self-training of speech enhancement models via bootstrapped remixingcited by 20
- 2021Dual-branch Attention-In-Attention Transformer for single-channel speech enhancementcited by 18
- 2021Speech Denoising Without Clean Training Data: A Noise2Noise Approachcited by 17
- 2021Real-time Denoising and Dereverberation with Tiny Recurrent U-Netcited by 16
- 2023Building Blocks for a Complex-Valued Transformer Architecturecited by 16
38 more
- 2022Diffiner: A Versatile Diffusion-based Generative Refiner for Speech Enhancementcited by 14
- 2024TRAMBA: A Hybrid Transformer and Mamba Architecture for Practical Audio and Bone Conduction Speech Super Resolution and Enhancement on Mobile and Wearable Platformscited by 11
- 2023A Multi-dimensional Deep Structured State Space Approach to Speech Enhancement Using Small-footprint Modelscited by 9
- 2021Reverb Conversion of Mixed Vocal Tracks Using an End-to-end Convolutional Deep Neural Networkcited by 8
- 2022FFC-SE: Fast Fourier Convolution for Speech Enhancementcited by 7
- 2021Monaural Speech Enhancement with Complex Convolutional Block Attention Module and Joint Time Frequency Lossescited by 6
- 2023Rethinking complex-valued deep neural networks for monaural speech enhancementcited by 6
- 2023Complex Mixer for MedMNIST Classification Decathloncited by 6
- 2023Assessing the Generalization Gap of Learning-Based Speech Enhancement Systems in Noisy and Reverberant Environmentscited by 6
- 2025SonicMaster: Towards Controllable All-in-One Music Restoration and Masteringcited by 6
- 2021Efficient Personalized Speech Enhancement through Self-Supervised Learningcited by 5
- 2023Variance-Preserving-Based Interpolation Diffusion Models for Speech Enhancementcited by 5
- 2024DPSNN: Spiking Neural Network for Low-Latency Streaming Speech Enhancementcited by 5
- 2021BCNN: Binary Complex Neural Networkcited by 3
- 2022Adversarial Audio Synthesis with Complex-valued Polynomial Networkscited by 3
- 2023Diffusion-based Signal Refiner for Speech Enhancement and Separationcited by 3
- 2023A Mask Free Neural Network for Monaural Speech Enhancementcited by 3
- 2023Complex Image Generation SwinTransformer Network for Audio Denoisingcited by 3
- 2024LSTMSE-Net: Long Short Term Speech Enhancement Network for Audio-visual Speech Enhancementcited by 3
- 2024Neural Fourier Modelling: A Highly Compact Approach to Time-Series Analysiscited by 3
- 2025AnCoGen: Analysis, Control and Generation of Speech with a Masked Autoencodercited by 3
- 2025ProSE: Diffusion Priors for Speech Enhancementcited by 3
- 2025A Survey of Deep Learning for Complex Speech Spectrogramscited by 3
- 2025EDNet: A Versatile Speech Enhancement Framework with Gating Mamba Mechanism and Phase Shift-Invariant Trainingcited by 3
- 2021Time-domain Speech Enhancement with Generative Adversarial Learningcited by 2
- 2021Speech Recovery for Real-World Self-powered Intermittent Devicescited by 2
- 2021A Two-stage Complex Network using Cycle-consistent Generative Adversarial Networks for Speech Enhancementcited by 2
- 2023Complex Network for Complex Problems: A comparative study of CNN and Complex-valued CNNcited by 2
- 2023Exploiting Time-Frequency Conformers for Music Audio Enhancementcited by 2
- 2023CheapNET: Improving Light-weight speech enhancement network by projected loss functioncited by 2
- 2023Complex-valued Neural Networks -- Theory and Analysiscited by 2
- 2024Audio Enhancement for Computer Audition -- An Iterative Training Paradigm Using Sample Importancecited by 2
- 2025DDRM-PR: Fourier Phase Retrieval using Denoising Diffusion Restoration Modelscited by 2
- 2025Holographic Transformers for Complex-Valued Signal Processing: Integrating Phase Interference into Self-Attentioncited by 2
- 2021A Time-domain Real-valued Generalized Wiener Filter for Multi-channel Neural Separation Systemscited by 1
- 2022DDoS-UNet: Incorporating temporal information using Dynamic Dual-channel UNet for enhancing super-resolution of dynamic MRIcited by 1
- 2022Impact of Environmental Noise on Alzheimer's Disease Detection from Speech: Should You Let a Baby Cry?cited by 1
- 2022A Training and Inference Strategy Using Noisy and Enhanced Speech as Target for Speech Enhancement without Clean Speechcited by 1
50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)
- 2026BinauralVAE: Spatial Audio Reconstruction For World Models6 Sep 2026
- 2026Phonetic Error Analysis of Raw Waveform Acoustic Models5 Jun 2026
- 2026Predictive-Generative Drift Decomposition for Speech Enhancement and Separation7 May 2026
- 2026PHALAR: Phasors for Learned Musical Audio Representations5 May 2026
- 2026Masked Autoencoders as Universal Speech Enhancer2 Feb 2026
- 2025Phase-Aware Deep Learning with Complex-Valued CNNs for Audio Signal Applications10 Oct 2025
- 2025Are Modern Speech Enhancement Systems Vulnerable to Adversarial Attacks?25 Sep 2025
- 2025Holographic Transformers for Complex-Valued Signal Processing: Integrating Phase Interference into Self-Attention14 Sep 2025
- 2025SonicMaster: Towards Controllable All-in-One Music Restoration and Mastering5 Aug 2025
- 2025EDNet: A Versatile Speech Enhancement Framework with Gating Mamba Mechanism and Phase Shift-Invariant Training19 Jun 2025
- 2025A Survey of Deep Learning for Complex Speech Spectrograms13 May 2025
- 2025Newton-Puiseux Analysis for Interpretability and Calibration of Complex-Valued Neural Networks27 Apr 2025
38 more
- 2025Passive Underwater Acoustic Signal Separation based on Feature Decoupling Dual-path Network11 Apr 2025
- 2025ProSE: Diffusion Priors for Speech Enhancement9 Mar 2025
- 2025AnCoGen: Analysis, Control and Generation of Speech with a Masked Autoencoder9 Jan 2025
- 2025DDRM-PR: Fourier Phase Retrieval using Denoising Diffusion Restoration Models6 Jan 2025
- 2024Neural Fourier Modelling: A Highly Compact Approach to Time-Series Analysis7 Oct 2024
- 2024Leveraging Joint Spectral and Spatial Learning with MAMBA for Multichannel Speech Enhancement16 Sep 2024
- 2024aTENNuate: Optimized Real-time Speech Enhancement with Deep SSMs on Raw Audio5 Sep 2024
- 2024LSTMSE-Net: Long Short Term Speech Enhancement Network for Audio-visual Speech Enhancement3 Sep 2024
- 2024DPSNN: Spiking Neural Network for Low-Latency Streaming Speech Enhancement14 Aug 2024
- 2024Audio Enhancement for Computer Audition -- An Iterative Training Paradigm Using Sample Importance12 Aug 2024
- 2024Complex Image-Generative Diffusion Transformer for Audio Denoising13 Jun 2024
- 2024Phonetic Error Analysis of Raw Waveform Acoustic Models with Parametric and Non-Parametric CNNs2 Jun 2024
- 2024Effects of Dataset Sampling Rate for Noise Cancellation through Deep Learning30 May 2024
- 2024TRAMBA: A Hybrid Transformer and Mamba Architecture for Practical Audio and Bone Conduction Speech Super Resolution and Enhancement on Mobile and Wearable Platforms2 May 2024
- 2024DeepCSHAP: Utilizing Shapley Values to Explain Deep Complex-Valued Neural Networks13 Mar 2024
- 2024A Closer Look at Wav2Vec2 Embeddings for On-Device Single-Channel Speech Enhancement3 Mar 2024
- 2024Objective and subjective evaluation of speech enhancement methods in the UDASE task of the 7th CHiME challenge2 Feb 2024
- 2024Synthesis of pulses from particle detectors with a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)10 Jan 2024
- 2023Complex-valued Neural Networks -- Theory and Analysis11 Dec 2023
- 2023CheapNET: Improving Light-weight speech enhancement network by projected loss function27 Nov 2023
- 2023Complex Image Generation SwinTransformer Network for Audio Denoising24 Oct 2023
- 2023MBTFNet: Multi-Band Temporal-Frequency Neural Network For Singing Voice Enhancement6 Oct 2023
- 2023Assessing the Generalization Gap of Learning-Based Speech Enhancement Systems in Noisy and Reverberant Environments12 Sep 2023
- 2023Exploiting Time-Frequency Conformers for Music Audio Enhancement24 Aug 2023
- 2023Efficient Monaural Speech Enhancement using Spectrum Attention Fusion4 Aug 2023
- 2023Building Blocks for a Complex-Valued Transformer Architecture16 Jun 2023
- 2023Variance-Preserving-Based Interpolation Diffusion Models for Speech Enhancement14 Jun 2023
- 2023A Mask Free Neural Network for Monaural Speech Enhancement7 Jun 2023
- 2023A Multi-dimensional Deep Structured State Space Approach to Speech Enhancement Using Small-footprint Models1 Jun 2023
- 2023Diffusion-based Signal Refiner for Speech Enhancement and Separation10 May 2023
- 2023Complex Mixer for MedMNIST Classification Decathlon20 Apr 2023
- 2023Complex Network for Complex Problems: A comparative study of CNN and Complex-valued CNN9 Feb 2023
- 2023Rethinking complex-valued deep neural networks for monaural speech enhancement11 Jan 2023
- 2022MIMO-DBnet: Multi-channel Input and Multiple Outputs DOA-aware Beamforming Network for Speech Separation7 Dec 2022
- 2022Diffiner: A Versatile Diffusion-based Generative Refiner for Speech Enhancement27 Oct 2022
- 2022A Training and Inference Strategy Using Noisy and Enhanced Speech as Target for Speech Enhancement without Clean Speech27 Oct 2022
- 2022Speech Enhancement with Perceptually-motivated Optimization and Dual Transformations24 Sep 2022
- 2022Speech Enhancement and Dereverberation with Diffusion-based Generative Models11 Aug 2022
50 newest of 73 All 73 (JSON)
- 2022Speech Enhancement and Dereverberation with Diffusion-based Generative Modelscited by 197
- 2022Speech Enhancement with Score-Based Generative Models in the Complex STFT Domaincited by 102
- 2022Diffiner: A Versatile Diffusion-based Generative Refiner for Speech Enhancementcited by 14
- 2023Variance-Preserving-Based Interpolation Diffusion Models for Speech Enhancementcited by 5
- 2023Diffusion-based Signal Refiner for Speech Enhancement and Separationcited by 3
- 2025ProSE: Diffusion Priors for Speech Enhancementcited by 3
- 2025DDRM-PR: Fourier Phase Retrieval using Denoising Diffusion Restoration Modelscited by 2
- 2024Complex Image-Generative Diffusion Transformer for Audio Denoisingcited by 1
- 2025ProSE: Diffusion Priors for Speech Enhancement9 Mar 2025
- 2025DDRM-PR: Fourier Phase Retrieval using Denoising Diffusion Restoration Models6 Jan 2025
- 2024Complex Image-Generative Diffusion Transformer for Audio Denoising13 Jun 2024
- 2023Variance-Preserving-Based Interpolation Diffusion Models for Speech Enhancement14 Jun 2023
- 2023Diffusion-based Signal Refiner for Speech Enhancement and Separation10 May 2023
- 2022Diffiner: A Versatile Diffusion-based Generative Refiner for Speech Enhancement27 Oct 2022
- 2022Speech Enhancement and Dereverberation with Diffusion-based Generative Models11 Aug 2022
- 2022Speech Enhancement with Score-Based Generative Models in the Complex STFT Domain31 Mar 2022
- 2024TRAMBA: A Hybrid Transformer and Mamba Architecture for Practical Audio and Bone Conduction Speech Super Resolution and Enhancement on Mobile and Wearable Platformscited by 11
- 2023A Multi-dimensional Deep Structured State Space Approach to Speech Enhancement Using Small-footprint Modelscited by 9
- 2025EDNet: A Versatile Speech Enhancement Framework with Gating Mamba Mechanism and Phase Shift-Invariant Trainingcited by 3
- 2024Leveraging Joint Spectral and Spatial Learning with MAMBA for Multichannel Speech Enhancementcited by 1
- 2025EDNet: A Versatile Speech Enhancement Framework with Gating Mamba Mechanism and Phase Shift-Invariant Training19 Jun 2025
- 2024Leveraging Joint Spectral and Spatial Learning with MAMBA for Multichannel Speech Enhancement16 Sep 2024
- 2024TRAMBA: A Hybrid Transformer and Mamba Architecture for Practical Audio and Bone Conduction Speech Super Resolution and Enhancement on Mobile and Wearable Platforms2 May 2024
- 2023A Multi-dimensional Deep Structured State Space Approach to Speech Enhancement Using Small-footprint Models1 Jun 2023
- 2022Audio Self-supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 65
- 2022Visual Acoustic Matchingcited by 45
- 2021TSTNN: Two-stage Transformer based Neural Network for Speech Enhancement in the Time Domaincited by 36
- 2021Looking into Your Speech: Learning Cross-modal Affinity for Audio-visual Speech Separationcited by 27
- 2021Personalized Speech Enhancement: New Models and Comprehensive Evaluationcited by 21
- 2022RemixIT: Continual self-training of speech enhancement models via bootstrapped remixingcited by 20
- 2021Dual-branch Attention-In-Attention Transformer for single-channel speech enhancementcited by 18
- 2021Speech Denoising Without Clean Training Data: A Noise2Noise Approachcited by 17
- 2021Real-time Denoising and Dereverberation with Tiny Recurrent U-Netcited by 16
- 2023Building Blocks for a Complex-Valued Transformer Architecturecited by 16
- 2021Reverb Conversion of Mixed Vocal Tracks Using an End-to-end Convolutional Deep Neural Networkcited by 8
- 2022FFC-SE: Fast Fourier Convolution for Speech Enhancementcited by 7
12 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2026Phonetic Error Analysis of Raw Waveform Acoustic Models5 Jun 2026
- 2026Predictive-Generative Drift Decomposition for Speech Enhancement and Separation7 May 2026
- 2026PHALAR: Phasors for Learned Musical Audio Representations5 May 2026
- 2026Masked Autoencoders as Universal Speech Enhancer2 Feb 2026
- 2025Phase-Aware Deep Learning with Complex-Valued CNNs for Audio Signal Applications10 Oct 2025
- 2025Are Modern Speech Enhancement Systems Vulnerable to Adversarial Attacks?25 Sep 2025
- 2025Holographic Transformers for Complex-Valued Signal Processing: Integrating Phase Interference into Self-Attention14 Sep 2025
- 2025SonicMaster: Towards Controllable All-in-One Music Restoration and Mastering5 Aug 2025
- 2025A Survey of Deep Learning for Complex Speech Spectrograms13 May 2025
- 2025Newton-Puiseux Analysis for Interpretability and Calibration of Complex-Valued Neural Networks27 Apr 2025
- 2025Passive Underwater Acoustic Signal Separation based on Feature Decoupling Dual-path Network11 Apr 2025
- 2025AnCoGen: Analysis, Control and Generation of Speech with a Masked Autoencoder9 Jan 2025
12 newest of 60 All 60 (JSON)