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Phase-aware Speech Enhancement with Deep Complex U-Net

arXiv 1903.03107 ↗First posted 7 Mar 2019cs.SD cs.LG eess.AScited by 73

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Abstract (arXiv)

Most deep learning-based models for speech enhancement have mainly focused on estimating the magnitude of spectrogram while reusing the phase from noisy speech for reconstruction. This is due to the difficulty of estimating the phase of clean speech. To improve speech enhancement performance, we tackle the phase estimation problem in three ways. First, we propose Deep Complex U-Net, an advanced U-Net structured model incorporating well-defined complex-valued building blocks to deal with complex-valued spectrograms. Second, we propose a polar coordinate-wise complex-valued masking method to reflect the distribution of complex ideal ratio masks. Third, we define a novel loss function, weighted source-to-distortion ratio (wSDR) loss, which is designed to directly correlate with a quantitative evaluation measure. Our model was evaluated on a mixture of the Voice Bank corpus and DEMAND database, which has been widely used by many deep learning models for speech enhancement. Ablation experiments were conducted on the mixed dataset showing that all three proposed approaches are empirically valid. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance in all metrics, outperforming previous approaches by a large margin.

Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Mar 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 15; 2022: 13; 2023: 15; 2024: 14; 2025: 11; 2026: 5.

73 papers.

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  1. 2022Speech Enhancement and Dereverberation with Diffusion-based Generative Modelscited by 197
  2. 2022Speech Enhancement with Score-Based Generative Models in the Complex STFT Domaincited by 102
  3. 2022Audio Self-supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 65
  4. 2022Visual Acoustic Matchingcited by 45
  5. 2021TSTNN: Two-stage Transformer based Neural Network for Speech Enhancement in the Time Domaincited by 36
  6. 2021Looking into Your Speech: Learning Cross-modal Affinity for Audio-visual Speech Separationcited by 27
  7. 2021Personalized Speech Enhancement: New Models and Comprehensive Evaluationcited by 21
  8. 2022RemixIT: Continual self-training of speech enhancement models via bootstrapped remixingcited by 20
  9. 2021Dual-branch Attention-In-Attention Transformer for single-channel speech enhancementcited by 18
  10. 2021Speech Denoising Without Clean Training Data: A Noise2Noise Approachcited by 17
  11. 2021Real-time Denoising and Dereverberation with Tiny Recurrent U-Netcited by 16
  12. 2023Building Blocks for a Complex-Valued Transformer Architecturecited by 16
38 more
  1. 2022Diffiner: A Versatile Diffusion-based Generative Refiner for Speech Enhancementcited by 14
  2. 2024TRAMBA: A Hybrid Transformer and Mamba Architecture for Practical Audio and Bone Conduction Speech Super Resolution and Enhancement on Mobile and Wearable Platformscited by 11
  3. 2023A Multi-dimensional Deep Structured State Space Approach to Speech Enhancement Using Small-footprint Modelscited by 9
  4. 2021Reverb Conversion of Mixed Vocal Tracks Using an End-to-end Convolutional Deep Neural Networkcited by 8
  5. 2022FFC-SE: Fast Fourier Convolution for Speech Enhancementcited by 7
  6. 2021Monaural Speech Enhancement with Complex Convolutional Block Attention Module and Joint Time Frequency Lossescited by 6
  7. 2023Rethinking complex-valued deep neural networks for monaural speech enhancementcited by 6
  8. 2023Complex Mixer for MedMNIST Classification Decathloncited by 6
  9. 2023Assessing the Generalization Gap of Learning-Based Speech Enhancement Systems in Noisy and Reverberant Environmentscited by 6
  10. 2025SonicMaster: Towards Controllable All-in-One Music Restoration and Masteringcited by 6
  11. 2021Efficient Personalized Speech Enhancement through Self-Supervised Learningcited by 5
  12. 2023Variance-Preserving-Based Interpolation Diffusion Models for Speech Enhancementcited by 5
  13. 2024DPSNN: Spiking Neural Network for Low-Latency Streaming Speech Enhancementcited by 5
  14. 2021BCNN: Binary Complex Neural Networkcited by 3
  15. 2022Adversarial Audio Synthesis with Complex-valued Polynomial Networkscited by 3
  16. 2023Diffusion-based Signal Refiner for Speech Enhancement and Separationcited by 3
  17. 2023A Mask Free Neural Network for Monaural Speech Enhancementcited by 3
  18. 2023Complex Image Generation SwinTransformer Network for Audio Denoisingcited by 3
  19. 2024LSTMSE-Net: Long Short Term Speech Enhancement Network for Audio-visual Speech Enhancementcited by 3
  20. 2024Neural Fourier Modelling: A Highly Compact Approach to Time-Series Analysiscited by 3
  21. 2025AnCoGen: Analysis, Control and Generation of Speech with a Masked Autoencodercited by 3
  22. 2025ProSE: Diffusion Priors for Speech Enhancementcited by 3
  23. 2025A Survey of Deep Learning for Complex Speech Spectrogramscited by 3
  24. 2025EDNet: A Versatile Speech Enhancement Framework with Gating Mamba Mechanism and Phase Shift-Invariant Trainingcited by 3
  25. 2021Time-domain Speech Enhancement with Generative Adversarial Learningcited by 2
  26. 2021Speech Recovery for Real-World Self-powered Intermittent Devicescited by 2
  27. 2021A Two-stage Complex Network using Cycle-consistent Generative Adversarial Networks for Speech Enhancementcited by 2
  28. 2023Complex Network for Complex Problems: A comparative study of CNN and Complex-valued CNNcited by 2
  29. 2023Exploiting Time-Frequency Conformers for Music Audio Enhancementcited by 2
  30. 2023CheapNET: Improving Light-weight speech enhancement network by projected loss functioncited by 2
  31. 2023Complex-valued Neural Networks -- Theory and Analysiscited by 2
  32. 2024Audio Enhancement for Computer Audition -- An Iterative Training Paradigm Using Sample Importancecited by 2
  33. 2025DDRM-PR: Fourier Phase Retrieval using Denoising Diffusion Restoration Modelscited by 2
  34. 2025Holographic Transformers for Complex-Valued Signal Processing: Integrating Phase Interference into Self-Attentioncited by 2
  35. 2021A Time-domain Real-valued Generalized Wiener Filter for Multi-channel Neural Separation Systemscited by 1
  36. 2022DDoS-UNet: Incorporating temporal information using Dynamic Dual-channel UNet for enhancing super-resolution of dynamic MRIcited by 1
  37. 2022Impact of Environmental Noise on Alzheimer's Disease Detection from Speech: Should You Let a Baby Cry?cited by 1
  38. 2022A Training and Inference Strategy Using Noisy and Enhanced Speech as Target for Speech Enhancement without Clean Speechcited by 1

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