Conditional Density Estimation with Neural Networks: Best Practices and Benchmarks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Given a set of empirical observations, conditional density estimation aims to capture the statistical relationship between a conditional variable x and a dependent variable y by modeling their conditional probability p(y|x). The paper develops best practices for conditional density estimation for finance applications with neural networks, grounded on mathematical insights and empirical evaluations. In particular, we introduce a noise regularization and data normalization scheme, alleviating problems with over-fitting, initialization and hyper-parameter sensitivity of such estimators. We compare our proposed methodology with popular semi- and non-parametric density estimators, underpin its effectiveness in various benchmarks on simulated and Euro Stoxx 50 data and show its superior performance. Our methodology allows to obtain high-quality estimators for statistical expectations of higher moments, quantiles and non-linear return transformations, with very little assumptions about the return dynamic.
Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 4; 2023: 5; 2024: 13; 2025: 6; 2026: 4.
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- 2024Deep Learning of Multivariate Extremes via a Geometric Representationcited by 4
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- 2023Conditional Kernel Imitation Learning for Continuous State Environmentscited by 2
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- 2023Data-Driven Latency Probability Prediction for Wireless Networks: Focusing on Tail Probabilitiescited by 1
- 2024Deep Modeling of Non-Gaussian Aleatoric Uncertaintycited by 1
- 2025Nonparametric estimation of conditional probability distributions using a generative approach based on conditional push-forward neural networkscited by 1
- 2026GGMPs: Generalized Gaussian Mixture Processescited by 1
- 2021Construction de variables a l'aide de classifieurs comme aide a la regressioncited by 0
- 2022MCD: Marginal Contrastive Discrimination for conditional density estimationcited by 0
- 2022Wasserstein Distributional Learningcited by 0
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- 2024Constructing Variables Using Classifiers as an Aid to Regression: An Empirical Assessmentcited by 0
- 2024Predictability Analysis of Regression Problems via Conditional Entropy Estimationscited by 0
- 2024Generative modeling of density regression through tree flowscited by 0
- 2025CEC-MMR: Cross-Entropy Clustering Approach to Multi-Modal Regressioncited by 0
- 2025Normalizing Flow to Augmented Posterior: Conditional Density Estimation with Interpretable Dimension Reduction for High Dimensional Datacited by 0
- 2025Smoothing-Based Conformal Prediction for Balancing Efficiency and Interpretabilitycited by 0
- 2026Free Energy Manifold: Score-Based Inference for Hybrid Bayesian Networkscited by 0
- 2026Generative Predictive Distributions for Time Seriescited by 0
- 2026A Convex Approximation Framework for Neural Likelihood-Based Bayesian Inverse Problemscited by 0
- 2026A Convex Approximation Framework for Neural Likelihood-Based Bayesian Inverse Problems7 Jul 2026
- 2026Generative Predictive Distributions for Time Series15 Jun 2026
- 2026Free Energy Manifold: Score-Based Inference for Hybrid Bayesian Networks11 May 2026
- 2026GGMPs: Generalized Gaussian Mixture Processes11 Mar 2026
- 2025Nonparametric estimation of conditional probability distributions using a generative approach based on conditional push-forward neural networks18 Nov 2025
- 2025Smoothing-Based Conformal Prediction for Balancing Efficiency and Interpretability26 Sep 2025
- 2025Normalizing Flow to Augmented Posterior: Conditional Density Estimation with Interpretable Dimension Reduction for High Dimensional Data6 Jul 2025
- 2025Doubly robust estimation of causal effects for random object outcomes with continuous treatments28 Jun 2025
- 2025CEC-MMR: Cross-Entropy Clustering Approach to Multi-Modal Regression9 Apr 2025
- 2025Conformal Inference of Individual Treatment Effects Using Conditional Density Estimates24 Jan 2025
- 2024Deep learning joint extremes of metocean variables using the SPAR model20 Dec 2024
- 2024Conditional Density Estimation with Histogram Trees15 Oct 2024
25 more
- 2024Deep Limit Model-free Prediction in Regression18 Aug 2024
- 2024Probabilistic Conformal Prediction with Approximate Conditional Validity1 Jul 2024
- 2024Neural Conditional Probability for Uncertainty Quantification1 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep Learning of Multivariate Extremes via a Geometric Representation28 Jun 2024
- 2024Generative modeling of density regression through tree flows7 Jun 2024
- 2024Predictability Analysis of Regression Problems via Conditional Entropy Estimations6 Jun 2024
- 2024Deep Modeling of Non-Gaussian Aleatoric Uncertainty30 May 2024
- 2024Conformal Prediction via Regression-as-Classification12 Apr 2024
- 2024Constructing Variables Using Classifiers as an Aid to Regression: An Empirical Assessment11 Mar 2024
- 2024Regularized DeepIV with Model Selection7 Mar 2024
- 2024Applied Causal Inference Powered by ML and AI4 Mar 2024
- 2023Conditional Kernel Imitation Learning for Continuous State Environments24 Aug 2023
- 2023Data-Driven Latency Probability Prediction for Wireless Networks: Focusing on Tail Probabilities20 Jul 2023
- 2023Testing for the Markov Property in Time Series via Deep Conditional Generative Learning30 May 2023
- 2023Learning Robust Statistics for Simulation-based Inference under Model Misspecification25 May 2023
- 2023Neural Network Predicts Ion Concentration Profiles under Nanoconfinement10 Apr 2023
- 2022Causal Deep Reinforcement Learning Using Observational Data28 Nov 2022
- 2022Wasserstein Distributional Learning12 Sep 2022
- 2022Regression modelling of spatiotemporal extreme U.S. wildfires via partially-interpretable neural networks16 Aug 2022
- 2022MCD: Marginal Contrastive Discrimination for conditional density estimation3 Jun 2022
- 2021Construction de variables a l'aide de classifieurs comme aide a la regression3 Dec 2021
- 2021Probabilistic Time Series Forecasts with Autoregressive Transformation Models15 Oct 2021
- 2021Deconvolutional Density Network: Modeling Free-Form Conditional Distributions29 May 2021
- 2021VCNet and Functional Targeted Regularization For Learning Causal Effects of Continuous Treatments14 Mar 2021
- 2021Model-Based Machine Learning for Communications12 Jan 2021
- 2021VCNet and Functional Targeted Regularization For Learning Causal Effects of Continuous Treatmentscited by 59
- 2023Learning Robust Statistics for Simulation-based Inference under Model Misspecificationcited by 48
- 2024Applied Causal Inference Powered by ML and AIcited by 30
- 2024Probabilistic Conformal Prediction with Approximate Conditional Validitycited by 23
- 2024Conformal Prediction via Regression-as-Classificationcited by 18
- 2024Neural Conditional Probability for Uncertainty Quantificationcited by 14
- 2022Regression modelling of spatiotemporal extreme U.S. wildfires via partially-interpretable neural networkscited by 11
- 2023Testing for the Markov Property in Time Series via Deep Conditional Generative Learningcited by 9
- 2021Model-Based Machine Learning for Communicationscited by 7
- 2021Probabilistic Time Series Forecasts with Autoregressive Transformation Modelscited by 7
- 2024Regularized DeepIV with Model Selectioncited by 6
- 2025Doubly robust estimation of causal effects for random object outcomes with continuous treatmentscited by 5
12 most cited of 36 All 36 (JSON)
- 2026A Convex Approximation Framework for Neural Likelihood-Based Bayesian Inverse Problems7 Jul 2026
- 2026Generative Predictive Distributions for Time Series15 Jun 2026
- 2026Free Energy Manifold: Score-Based Inference for Hybrid Bayesian Networks11 May 2026
- 2026GGMPs: Generalized Gaussian Mixture Processes11 Mar 2026
- 2025Nonparametric estimation of conditional probability distributions using a generative approach based on conditional push-forward neural networks18 Nov 2025
- 2025Smoothing-Based Conformal Prediction for Balancing Efficiency and Interpretability26 Sep 2025
- 2025Normalizing Flow to Augmented Posterior: Conditional Density Estimation with Interpretable Dimension Reduction for High Dimensional Data6 Jul 2025
- 2025Doubly robust estimation of causal effects for random object outcomes with continuous treatments28 Jun 2025
- 2025CEC-MMR: Cross-Entropy Clustering Approach to Multi-Modal Regression9 Apr 2025
- 2025Conformal Inference of Individual Treatment Effects Using Conditional Density Estimates24 Jan 2025
- 2024Deep learning joint extremes of metocean variables using the SPAR model20 Dec 2024
- 2024Conditional Density Estimation with Histogram Trees15 Oct 2024
12 newest of 36 All 36 (JSON)