Neural Music Synthesis for Flexible Timbre Control
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Abstract (arXiv)
The recent success of raw audio waveform synthesis models like WaveNet motivates a new approach for music synthesis, in which the entire process --- creating audio samples from a score and instrument information --- is modeled using generative neural networks. This paper describes a neural music synthesis model with flexible timbre controls, which consists of a recurrent neural network conditioned on a learned instrument embedding followed by a WaveNet vocoder. The learned embedding space successfully captures the diverse variations in timbres within a large dataset and enables timbre control and morphing by interpolating between instruments in the embedding space. The synthesis quality is evaluated both numerically and perceptually, and an interactive web demo is presented.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Nov 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 2; 2023: 1; 2024: 5; 2025: 3.
14 papers.
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- 2022Multi-instrument Music Synthesis with Spectrogram Diffusioncited by 42
- 2021MIDI-DDSP: Detailed Control of Musical Performance via Hierarchical Modelingcited by 32
- 2021Neural Waveshaping Synthesiscited by 12
- 2022Deep Performer: Score-to-Audio Music Performance Synthesiscited by 12
- 2023Performance Conditioning for Diffusion-Based Multi-Instrument Music Synthesiscited by 5
- 2024Expressive Acoustic Guitar Sound Synthesis with an Instrument-Specific Input Representation and Diffusion Outpaintingcited by 5
- 2025TokenSynth: A Token-based Neural Synthesizer for Instrument Cloning and Text-to-Instrumentcited by 5
- 2025A Survey on Music Generation from Single-Modal, Cross-Modal, and Multi-Modal Perspectivescited by 4
- 2024DisMix: Disentangling Mixtures of Musical Instruments for Source-level Pitch and Timbre Manipulationcited by 3
- 2024SoundMorpher: Perceptually-Uniform Sound Morphing with Diffusion Modelcited by 3
- 2024A Survey of Music Generation in the Context of Interactioncited by 2
- 2024CONMOD: Controllable Neural Frame-based Modulation Effectscited by 1
- 2025GuitarFlow: Realistic Electric Guitar Synthesis From Tablatures via Flow Matching and Style Transfer23 Oct 2025
- 2025A Survey on Music Generation from Single-Modal, Cross-Modal, and Multi-Modal Perspectives1 Apr 2025
- 2025TokenSynth: A Token-based Neural Synthesizer for Instrument Cloning and Text-to-Instrument13 Feb 2025
- 2024SoundMorpher: Perceptually-Uniform Sound Morphing with Diffusion Model3 Oct 2024
- 2024DisMix: Disentangling Mixtures of Musical Instruments for Source-level Pitch and Timbre Manipulation20 Aug 2024
- 2024CONMOD: Controllable Neural Frame-based Modulation Effects20 Jun 2024
- 2024A Survey of Music Generation in the Context of Interaction23 Feb 2024
- 2024Expressive Acoustic Guitar Sound Synthesis with an Instrument-Specific Input Representation and Diffusion Outpainting24 Jan 2024
- 2023Performance Conditioning for Diffusion-Based Multi-Instrument Music Synthesis21 Sep 2023
- 2022Multi-instrument Music Synthesis with Spectrogram Diffusion11 Jun 2022
- 2022Deep Performer: Score-to-Audio Music Performance Synthesis12 Feb 2022
- 2021InverseMV: Composing Piano Scores with a Convolutional Video-Music Transformer31 Dec 2021
2 more
- 2021MIDI-DDSP: Detailed Control of Musical Performance via Hierarchical Modeling17 Dec 2021
- 2021Neural Waveshaping Synthesis11 Jul 2021
- 2021MIDI-DDSP: Detailed Control of Musical Performance via Hierarchical Modelingcited by 32
- 2021Neural Waveshaping Synthesiscited by 12
- 2022Deep Performer: Score-to-Audio Music Performance Synthesiscited by 12
- 2023Performance Conditioning for Diffusion-Based Multi-Instrument Music Synthesiscited by 5
- 2024Expressive Acoustic Guitar Sound Synthesis with an Instrument-Specific Input Representation and Diffusion Outpaintingcited by 5
- 2025TokenSynth: A Token-based Neural Synthesizer for Instrument Cloning and Text-to-Instrumentcited by 5
- 2025A Survey on Music Generation from Single-Modal, Cross-Modal, and Multi-Modal Perspectivescited by 4
- 2024DisMix: Disentangling Mixtures of Musical Instruments for Source-level Pitch and Timbre Manipulationcited by 3
- 2024A Survey of Music Generation in the Context of Interactioncited by 2
- 2024CONMOD: Controllable Neural Frame-based Modulation Effectscited by 1
- 2025GuitarFlow: Realistic Electric Guitar Synthesis From Tablatures via Flow Matching and Style Transfercited by 1
- 2021InverseMV: Composing Piano Scores with a Convolutional Video-Music Transformercited by 0
- 2025GuitarFlow: Realistic Electric Guitar Synthesis From Tablatures via Flow Matching and Style Transfer23 Oct 2025
- 2025A Survey on Music Generation from Single-Modal, Cross-Modal, and Multi-Modal Perspectives1 Apr 2025
- 2025TokenSynth: A Token-based Neural Synthesizer for Instrument Cloning and Text-to-Instrument13 Feb 2025
- 2024DisMix: Disentangling Mixtures of Musical Instruments for Source-level Pitch and Timbre Manipulation20 Aug 2024
- 2024CONMOD: Controllable Neural Frame-based Modulation Effects20 Jun 2024
- 2024A Survey of Music Generation in the Context of Interaction23 Feb 2024
- 2024Expressive Acoustic Guitar Sound Synthesis with an Instrument-Specific Input Representation and Diffusion Outpainting24 Jan 2024
- 2023Performance Conditioning for Diffusion-Based Multi-Instrument Music Synthesis21 Sep 2023
- 2022Deep Performer: Score-to-Audio Music Performance Synthesis12 Feb 2022
- 2021InverseMV: Composing Piano Scores with a Convolutional Video-Music Transformer31 Dec 2021
- 2021MIDI-DDSP: Detailed Control of Musical Performance via Hierarchical Modeling17 Dec 2021
- 2021Neural Waveshaping Synthesis11 Jul 2021