UniMorph 2.0: Universal Morphology
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Abstract (arXiv)
The Universal Morphology UniMorph project is a collaborative effort to improve how NLP handles complex morphology across the world's languages. The project releases annotated morphological data using a universal tagset, the UniMorph schema. Each inflected form is associated with a lemma, which typically carries its underlying lexical meaning, and a bundle of morphological features from our schema. Additional supporting data and tools are also released on a per-language basis when available. UniMorph is based at the Center for Language and Speech Processing (CLSP) at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland and is sponsored by the DARPA LORELEI program. This paper details advances made to the collection, annotation, and dissemination of project resources since the initial UniMorph release described at LREC 2016. lexical resources} }
Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 25 Oct 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 15; 2022: 8; 2023: 5; 2024: 5; 2025: 4; 2026: 5.
42 papers.
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- 2021On the Pitfalls of Analyzing Individual Neurons in Language Modelscited by 62
- 2024Why do language models perform worse for morphologically complex languages?cited by 62
- 2025Large Language Models Share Representations of Latent Grammatical Concepts Across Typologically Diverse Languagescited by 59
- 2024Probing the Emergence of Cross-lingual Alignment during LLM Trainingcited by 39
- 2023Universal NER: A Gold-Standard Multilingual Named Entity Recognition Benchmarkcited by 26
- 2025MorphBPE: A Morpho-Aware Tokenizer Bridging Linguistic Complexity for Efficient LLM Training Across Morphologiescited by 25
- 2021(Un)solving Morphological Inflection: Lemma Overlap Artificially Inflates Models' Performancecited by 20
- 2022Same Neurons, Different Languages: Probing Morphosyntax in Multilingual Pre-trained Modelscited by 14
- 2021Can a Transformer Pass the Wug Test? Tuning Copying Bias in Neural Morphological Inflection Modelscited by 13
- 2021Probing as Quantifying Inductive Biascited by 12
- 2022UniMorph 4.0: Universal Morphologycited by 11
- 2021Evaluating the Morphosyntactic Well-formedness of Generated Textscited by 8
30 more
- 2024Evaluating Subword Tokenization: Alien Subword Composition and OOV Generalization Challengecited by 8
- 2021Morph Call: Probing Morphosyntactic Content of Multilingual Transformerscited by 5
- 2021Neural Morphology Dataset and Models for Multiple Languages, from the Large to the Endangeredcited by 5
- 2023A Joint Matrix Factorization Analysis of Multilingual Representationscited by 5
- 2021RuSentEval: Linguistic Source, Encoder Force!cited by 4
- 2021On the Effectiveness of Dataset Embeddings in Mono-lingual,Multi-lingual and Zero-shot Conditionscited by 4
- 2022Morphological Processing of Low-Resource Languages: Where We Are and What's Nextcited by 4
- 2023K-UniMorph: Korean Universal Morphology and its Feature Schemacited by 4
- 2021Rule-based Morphological Inflection Improves Neural Terminology Translationcited by 3
- 2021Morpheme Boundary Detection & Grammatical Feature Prediction for Gujarati : Dataset & Modelcited by 3
- 2022CaMEL: Case Marker Extraction without Labelscited by 3
- 2023On the Role of Morphological Information for Contextual Lemmatizationcited by 3
- 2021Searching for Search Errors in Neural Morphological Inflectioncited by 2
- 2021Computational Morphology with Neural Network Approachescited by 2
- 2021Not quite there yet: Combining analogical patterns and encoder-decoder networks for cognitively plausible inflectioncited by 2
- 2022Dim Wihl Gat Tun: The Case for Linguistic Expertise in NLP for Underdocumented Languagescited by 2
- 2023Morphological Inflection: A Reality Checkcited by 2
- 2024Recent advancements in computational morphology : A comprehensive surveycited by 2
- 2021Apurin~a Universal Dependencies Treebankcited by 1
- 2026When Irregularity Helps: A Subclass Analysis of Inductive Bias in Neural Morphologycited by 1
- 2022Cross-lingual Inflection as a Data Augmentation Method for Parsingcited by 0
- 2022The Open corpus of the Veps and Karelian languages: overview and applicationscited by 0
- 2022Word-Level Representation From Bytes For Language Modelingcited by 0
- 2024Dravidian language family through Universal Dependencies lenscited by 0
- 2025Flexing in 73 Languages: A Single Small Model for Multilingual Inflectioncited by 0
- 2025Corpus Frequencies in Morphological Inflection: Do They Matter?cited by 0
- 2026CommonMorph: Participatory Morphological Documentation Platformcited by 0
- 2026Zero-Shot Morphological Discovery in Low-Resource Bantu Languages via Cross-Lingual Transfer and Unsupervised Clusteringcited by 0
- 2026BLiMPPI: Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairs for Polarity Itemscited by 0
- 2026From Copying to Composition: How Language Models Develop In-Context Learningcited by 0
- 2026From Copying to Composition: How Language Models Develop In-Context Learning13 Oct 2026
- 2026BLiMPPI: Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairs for Polarity Items9 Oct 2026
- 2026When Irregularity Helps: A Subclass Analysis of Inductive Bias in Neural Morphology19 May 2026
- 2026Zero-Shot Morphological Discovery in Low-Resource Bantu Languages via Cross-Lingual Transfer and Unsupervised Clustering24 Apr 2026
- 2026CommonMorph: Participatory Morphological Documentation Platform6 Apr 2026
- 2025Corpus Frequencies in Morphological Inflection: Do They Matter?27 Oct 2025
- 2025Flexing in 73 Languages: A Single Small Model for Multilingual Inflection27 Oct 2025
- 2025MorphBPE: A Morpho-Aware Tokenizer Bridging Linguistic Complexity for Efficient LLM Training Across Morphologies2 Feb 2025
- 2025Large Language Models Share Representations of Latent Grammatical Concepts Across Typologically Diverse Languages10 Jan 2025
- 2024Why do language models perform worse for morphologically complex languages?21 Nov 2024
- 2024Dravidian language family through Universal Dependencies lens20 Jun 2024
- 2024Probing the Emergence of Cross-lingual Alignment during LLM Training19 Jun 2024
30 more
- 2024Recent advancements in computational morphology : A comprehensive survey8 Jun 2024
- 2024Evaluating Subword Tokenization: Alien Subword Composition and OOV Generalization Challenge20 Apr 2024
- 2023Universal NER: A Gold-Standard Multilingual Named Entity Recognition Benchmark15 Nov 2023
- 2023A Joint Matrix Factorization Analysis of Multilingual Representations24 Oct 2023
- 2023Morphological Inflection: A Reality Check25 May 2023
- 2023K-UniMorph: Korean Universal Morphology and its Feature Schema10 May 2023
- 2023On the Role of Morphological Information for Contextual Lemmatization1 Feb 2023
- 2022Word-Level Representation From Bytes For Language Modeling23 Nov 2022
- 2022The Open corpus of the Veps and Karelian languages: overview and applications8 Jun 2022
- 2022Cross-lingual Inflection as a Data Augmentation Method for Parsing19 May 2022
- 2022UniMorph 4.0: Universal Morphology7 May 2022
- 2022Same Neurons, Different Languages: Probing Morphosyntax in Multilingual Pre-trained Models4 May 2022
- 2022CaMEL: Case Marker Extraction without Labels18 Mar 2022
- 2022Dim Wihl Gat Tun: The Case for Linguistic Expertise in NLP for Underdocumented Languages17 Mar 2022
- 2022Morphological Processing of Low-Resource Languages: Where We Are and What's Next16 Mar 2022
- 2021Morpheme Boundary Detection & Grammatical Feature Prediction for Gujarati : Dataset & Model18 Dec 2021
- 2021Probing as Quantifying Inductive Bias15 Oct 2021
- 2021On the Pitfalls of Analyzing Individual Neurons in Language Models14 Oct 2021
- 2021Rule-based Morphological Inflection Improves Neural Terminology Translation10 Sep 2021
- 2021(Un)solving Morphological Inflection: Lemma Overlap Artificially Inflates Models' Performance12 Aug 2021
- 2021Not quite there yet: Combining analogical patterns and encoder-decoder networks for cognitively plausible inflection9 Aug 2021
- 2021Apurin~a Universal Dependencies Treebank7 Jun 2021
- 2021Neural Morphology Dataset and Models for Multiple Languages, from the Large to the Endangered26 May 2021
- 2021Computational Morphology with Neural Network Approaches19 May 2021
- 2021Morph Call: Probing Morphosyntactic Content of Multilingual Transformers26 Apr 2021
- 2021Can a Transformer Pass the Wug Test? Tuning Copying Bias in Neural Morphological Inflection Models13 Apr 2021
- 2021Evaluating the Morphosyntactic Well-formedness of Generated Texts30 Mar 2021
- 2021On the Effectiveness of Dataset Embeddings in Mono-lingual,Multi-lingual and Zero-shot Conditions1 Mar 2021
- 2021RuSentEval: Linguistic Source, Encoder Force!28 Feb 2021
- 2021Searching for Search Errors in Neural Morphological Inflection16 Feb 2021
- 2021On the Pitfalls of Analyzing Individual Neurons in Language Modelscited by 62
- 2024Why do language models perform worse for morphologically complex languages?cited by 62
- 2025Large Language Models Share Representations of Latent Grammatical Concepts Across Typologically Diverse Languagescited by 59
- 2024Probing the Emergence of Cross-lingual Alignment during LLM Trainingcited by 39
- 2023Universal NER: A Gold-Standard Multilingual Named Entity Recognition Benchmarkcited by 26
- 2025MorphBPE: A Morpho-Aware Tokenizer Bridging Linguistic Complexity for Efficient LLM Training Across Morphologiescited by 25
- 2021(Un)solving Morphological Inflection: Lemma Overlap Artificially Inflates Models' Performancecited by 20
- 2022Same Neurons, Different Languages: Probing Morphosyntax in Multilingual Pre-trained Modelscited by 14
- 2021Can a Transformer Pass the Wug Test? Tuning Copying Bias in Neural Morphological Inflection Modelscited by 13
- 2021Probing as Quantifying Inductive Biascited by 12
- 2022UniMorph 4.0: Universal Morphologycited by 11
- 2021Evaluating the Morphosyntactic Well-formedness of Generated Textscited by 8
12 most cited of 42 All 42 (JSON)
- 2026From Copying to Composition: How Language Models Develop In-Context Learning13 Oct 2026
- 2026BLiMPPI: Benchmark of Linguistic Minimal Pairs for Polarity Items9 Oct 2026
- 2026When Irregularity Helps: A Subclass Analysis of Inductive Bias in Neural Morphology19 May 2026
- 2026Zero-Shot Morphological Discovery in Low-Resource Bantu Languages via Cross-Lingual Transfer and Unsupervised Clustering24 Apr 2026
- 2026CommonMorph: Participatory Morphological Documentation Platform6 Apr 2026
- 2025Corpus Frequencies in Morphological Inflection: Do They Matter?27 Oct 2025
- 2025Flexing in 73 Languages: A Single Small Model for Multilingual Inflection27 Oct 2025
- 2025MorphBPE: A Morpho-Aware Tokenizer Bridging Linguistic Complexity for Efficient LLM Training Across Morphologies2 Feb 2025
- 2025Large Language Models Share Representations of Latent Grammatical Concepts Across Typologically Diverse Languages10 Jan 2025
- 2024Why do language models perform worse for morphologically complex languages?21 Nov 2024
- 2024Dravidian language family through Universal Dependencies lens20 Jun 2024
- 2024Probing the Emergence of Cross-lingual Alignment during LLM Training19 Jun 2024
12 newest of 42 All 42 (JSON)