Scene Text Recognition from Two-Dimensional Perspective
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Abstract (arXiv)
Inspired by speech recognition, recent state-of-the-art algorithms mostly consider scene text recognition as a sequence prediction problem. Though achieving excellent performance, these methods usually neglect an important fact that text in images are actually distributed in two-dimensional space. It is a nature quite different from that of speech, which is essentially a one-dimensional signal. In principle, directly compressing features of text into a one-dimensional form may lose useful information and introduce extra noise. In this paper, we approach scene text recognition from a two-dimensional perspective. A simple yet effective model, called Character Attention Fully Convolutional Network (CA-FCN), is devised for recognizing the text of arbitrary shapes. Scene text recognition is realized with a semantic segmentation network, where an attention mechanism for characters is adopted. Combined with a word formation module, CA-FCN can simultaneously recognize the script and predict the position of each character. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms previous methods on both regular and irregular text datasets. Moreover, it is proven to be more robust to imprecise localizations in the text detection phase, which are very common in practice.
Key facts. Cited by 57 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Sep 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 18; 2023: 13; 2024: 3; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
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- 2021Read Like Humans: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 194
- 2021From Two to One: A New Scene Text Recognizer with Visual Language Modeling Networkcited by 97
- 2021ABCNet v2: Adaptive Bezier-Curve Network for Real-time End-to-end Text Spottingcited by 84
- 2023Multi-modal In-Context Learning Makes an Ego-evolving Scene Text Recognizercited by 53
- 2021Benchmarking Chinese Text Recognition: Datasets, Baselines, and an Empirical Studycited by 52
- 2022Reading and Writing: Discriminative and Generative Modeling for Self-Supervised Text Recognitioncited by 45
- 2022Toward Understanding WordArt: Corner-Guided Transformer for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 45
- 2021PIMNet: A Parallel, Iterative and Mimicking Network for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 41
- 2021MMOCR: A Comprehensive Toolbox for Text Detection, Recognition and Understandingcited by 40
- 2022ABINet++: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Spottingcited by 40
- 2021CDistNet: Perceiving Multi-Domain Character Distance for Robust Text Recognitioncited by 36
- 2022Multi-Granularity Prediction for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 36
38 more
- 2022MaskOCR: Text Recognition with Masked Encoder-Decoder Pretrainingcited by 34
- 2023CLIP4STR: A Simple Baseline for Scene Text Recognition with Pre-trained Vision-Language Modelcited by 30
- 2021Primitive Representation Learning for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 28
- 2022Self-supervised Character-to-Character Distillation for Text Recognitioncited by 27
- 2021Visual Semantics Allow for Textual Reasoning Better in Scene Text Recognitioncited by 25
- 2022Self-supervised Implicit Glyph Attention for Text Recognitioncited by 25
- 2021Joint Visual Semantic Reasoning: Multi-Stage Decoder for Text Recognitioncited by 24
- 2022Levenshtein OCRcited by 24
- 2023Diffusion in the Dark: A Diffusion Model for Low-Light Text Recognitioncited by 20
- 2023Symmetrical Linguistic Feature Distillation with CLIP for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 14
- 2022Towards Open-Set Text Recognition via Label-to-Prototype Learningcited by 12
- 2023IPAD: Iterative, Parallel, and Diffusion-based Network for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 12
- 2022Out-of-Vocabulary Challenge Reportcited by 11
- 2022SGBANet: Semantic GAN and Balanced Attention Network for Arbitrarily Oriented Scene Text Recognitioncited by 10
- 2024Class-Aware Mask-Guided Feature Refinement for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 10
- 2023TPS++: Attention-Enhanced Thin-Plate Spline for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 9
- 2022Open-set Text Recognition via Character-Context Decouplingcited by 8
- 2022Scene Text Image Super-Resolution via Content Perceptual Loss and Criss-Cross Transformer Blockscited by 8
- 2023Self-distillation Regularized Connectionist Temporal Classification Loss for Text Recognition: A Simple Yet Effective Approachcited by 8
- 2023Hierarchical Text Spotter for Joint Text Spotting and Layout Analysiscited by 8
- 2023Multi-Granularity Prediction with Learnable Fusion for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 7
- 2021Revisiting Classification Perspective on Scene Text Recognitioncited by 5
- 2021FEDS -- Filtered Edit Distance Surrogatecited by 5
- 2021Reciprocal Feature Learning via Explicit and Implicit Tasks in Scene Text Recognitioncited by 5
- 2021I2C2W: Image-to-Character-to-Word Transformers for Accurate Scene Text Recognitioncited by 5
- 2021Implicit Feature Alignment: Learn to Convert Text Recognizer to Text Spottercited by 5
- 2021Parallel Scale-wise Attention Network for Effective Scene Text Recognitioncited by 4
- 2022Searching a High-Performance Feature Extractor for Text Recognition Networkcited by 4
- 2023Masked and Permuted Implicit Context Learning for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024VL-Reader: Vision and Language Reconstructor is an Effective Scene Text Recognizercited by 4
- 2023Orientation-Independent Chinese Text Recognition in Scene Imagescited by 3
- 2025ESTR-CoT: Towards Explainable and Accurate Event Stream based Scene Text Recognition with Chain-of-Thought Reasoningcited by 3
- 2021Improving Structured Text Recognition with Regular Expression Biasingcited by 2
- 2021Decoupling Visual-Semantic Feature Learning for Robust Scene Text Recognitioncited by 2
- 2022Real-time Scene Text Detection Based on Global Level and Word Level Featurescited by 2
- 2025MX-Font++: Mixture of Heterogeneous Aggregation Experts for Few-shot Font Generationcited by 2
- 2022Disentangled Generation Network for Enlarged License Plate Recognition and A Unified Datasetcited by 1
- 2022Scene Text Recognition with Single-Point Decoding Networkcited by 1
50 most cited of 57 All 57 (JSON)
- 2026RGB-Event HyperGraph Prompt for Kilometer Marker Recognition based on Pre-trained Foundation Models25 Feb 2026
- 2025LadderMoE: Ladder-Side Mixture of Experts Adapters for Bronze Inscription Recognition2 Oct 2025
- 2025ESTR-CoT: Towards Explainable and Accurate Event Stream based Scene Text Recognition with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning2 Jul 2025
- 2025Joint Low-level and High-level Textual Representation Learning with Multiple Masking Strategies11 May 2025
- 2025MX-Font++: Mixture of Heterogeneous Aggregation Experts for Few-shot Font Generation4 Mar 2025
- 2024VL-Reader: Vision and Language Reconstructor is an Effective Scene Text Recognizer18 Sep 2024
- 2024Open-Vocabulary Scene Text Recognition via Pseudo-Image Labeling and Margin Loss12 Mar 2024
- 2024Class-Aware Mask-Guided Feature Refinement for Scene Text Recognition21 Feb 2024
- 2023IPAD: Iterative, Parallel, and Diffusion-based Network for Scene Text Recognition19 Dec 2023
- 2023Multi-modal In-Context Learning Makes an Ego-evolving Scene Text Recognizer22 Nov 2023
- 2023Hierarchical Text Spotter for Joint Text Spotting and Layout Analysis25 Oct 2023
- 2023Symmetrical Linguistic Feature Distillation with CLIP for Scene Text Recognition8 Oct 2023
38 more
- 2023Orientation-Independent Chinese Text Recognition in Scene Images3 Sep 2023
- 2023Self-distillation Regularized Connectionist Temporal Classification Loss for Text Recognition: A Simple Yet Effective Approach17 Aug 2023
- 2023Multi-Granularity Prediction with Learnable Fusion for Scene Text Recognition25 Jul 2023
- 2023Looking and Listening: Audio Guided Text Recognition6 Jun 2023
- 2023Masked and Permuted Implicit Context Learning for Scene Text Recognition25 May 2023
- 2023CLIP4STR: A Simple Baseline for Scene Text Recognition with Pre-trained Vision-Language Model23 May 2023
- 2023TPS++: Attention-Enhanced Thin-Plate Spline for Scene Text Recognition9 May 2023
- 2023Scene Text Recognition with Image-Text Matching-guided Dictionary8 May 2023
- 2023Diffusion in the Dark: A Diffusion Model for Low-Light Text Recognition7 Mar 2023
- 2022ABINet++: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Spotting19 Nov 2022
- 2022Self-supervised Character-to-Character Distillation for Text Recognition1 Nov 2022
- 2022Scene Text Image Super-Resolution via Content Perceptual Loss and Criss-Cross Transformer Blocks13 Oct 2022
- 2022Searching a High-Performance Feature Extractor for Text Recognition Network27 Sep 2022
- 2022Out-of-Vocabulary Challenge Report14 Sep 2022
- 2022Levenshtein OCR8 Sep 2022
- 2022Multi-Granularity Prediction for Scene Text Recognition8 Sep 2022
- 2022Scene Text Recognition with Single-Point Decoding Network5 Sep 2022
- 2022Toward Understanding WordArt: Corner-Guided Transformer for Scene Text Recognition31 Jul 2022
- 2022SGBANet: Semantic GAN and Balanced Attention Network for Arbitrarily Oriented Scene Text Recognition21 Jul 2022
- 2022Reading and Writing: Discriminative and Generative Modeling for Self-Supervised Text Recognition1 Jul 2022
- 2022Disentangled Generation Network for Enlarged License Plate Recognition and A Unified Dataset2 Jun 2022
- 2022MaskOCR: Text Recognition with Masked Encoder-Decoder Pretraining1 Jun 2022
- 2022Open-set Text Recognition via Character-Context Decoupling12 Apr 2022
- 2022Real-time Scene Text Detection Based on Global Level and Word Level Features10 Mar 2022
- 2022Towards Open-Set Text Recognition via Label-to-Prototype Learning10 Mar 2022
- 2022Self-supervised Implicit Glyph Attention for Text Recognition7 Mar 2022
- 2022SAFL: A Self-Attention Scene Text Recognizer with Focal Loss1 Jan 2022
- 2021Benchmarking Chinese Text Recognition: Datasets, Baselines, and an Empirical Study30 Dec 2021
- 2021Visual Semantics Allow for Textual Reasoning Better in Scene Text Recognition24 Dec 2021
- 2021Decoupling Visual-Semantic Feature Learning for Robust Scene Text Recognition24 Nov 2021
- 2021CDistNet: Perceiving Multi-Domain Character Distance for Robust Text Recognition22 Nov 2021
- 2021Improving Structured Text Recognition with Regular Expression Biasing10 Nov 2021
- 2021PIMNet: A Parallel, Iterative and Mimicking Network for Scene Text Recognition9 Sep 2021
- 2021From Two to One: A New Scene Text Recognizer with Visual Language Modeling Network22 Aug 2021
- 2021MMOCR: A Comprehensive Toolbox for Text Detection, Recognition and Understanding14 Aug 2021
- 2021Joint Visual Semantic Reasoning: Multi-Stage Decoder for Text Recognition26 Jul 2021
- 2021Implicit Feature Alignment: Learn to Convert Text Recognizer to Text Spotter10 Jun 2021
- 2021I2C2W: Image-to-Character-to-Word Transformers for Accurate Scene Text Recognition18 May 2021
50 newest of 57 All 57 (JSON)
- 2021Read Like Humans: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 194
- 2021ABCNet v2: Adaptive Bezier-Curve Network for Real-time End-to-end Text Spottingcited by 84
- 2023Multi-modal In-Context Learning Makes an Ego-evolving Scene Text Recognizercited by 53
- 2021Benchmarking Chinese Text Recognition: Datasets, Baselines, and an Empirical Studycited by 52
- 2022Reading and Writing: Discriminative and Generative Modeling for Self-Supervised Text Recognitioncited by 45
- 2022Toward Understanding WordArt: Corner-Guided Transformer for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 45
- 2021PIMNet: A Parallel, Iterative and Mimicking Network for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 41
- 2021MMOCR: A Comprehensive Toolbox for Text Detection, Recognition and Understandingcited by 40
- 2022ABINet++: Autonomous, Bidirectional and Iterative Language Modeling for Scene Text Spottingcited by 40
- 2021CDistNet: Perceiving Multi-Domain Character Distance for Robust Text Recognitioncited by 36
- 2022Multi-Granularity Prediction for Scene Text Recognitioncited by 36
- 2022MaskOCR: Text Recognition with Masked Encoder-Decoder Pretrainingcited by 34
12 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2026RGB-Event HyperGraph Prompt for Kilometer Marker Recognition based on Pre-trained Foundation Models25 Feb 2026
- 2025LadderMoE: Ladder-Side Mixture of Experts Adapters for Bronze Inscription Recognition2 Oct 2025
- 2025Joint Low-level and High-level Textual Representation Learning with Multiple Masking Strategies11 May 2025
- 2024VL-Reader: Vision and Language Reconstructor is an Effective Scene Text Recognizer18 Sep 2024
- 2024Open-Vocabulary Scene Text Recognition via Pseudo-Image Labeling and Margin Loss12 Mar 2024
- 2024Class-Aware Mask-Guided Feature Refinement for Scene Text Recognition21 Feb 2024
- 2023IPAD: Iterative, Parallel, and Diffusion-based Network for Scene Text Recognition19 Dec 2023
- 2023Multi-modal In-Context Learning Makes an Ego-evolving Scene Text Recognizer22 Nov 2023
- 2023Hierarchical Text Spotter for Joint Text Spotting and Layout Analysis25 Oct 2023
- 2023Symmetrical Linguistic Feature Distillation with CLIP for Scene Text Recognition8 Oct 2023
- 2023Orientation-Independent Chinese Text Recognition in Scene Images3 Sep 2023
- 2023Self-distillation Regularized Connectionist Temporal Classification Loss for Text Recognition: A Simple Yet Effective Approach17 Aug 2023
12 newest of 52 All 52 (JSON)