Embedding Multimodal Relational Data for Knowledge Base Completion
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Abstract (arXiv)
Representing entities and relations in an embedding space is a well-studied approach for machine learning on relational data. Existing approaches, however, primarily focus on simple link structure between a finite set of entities, ignoring the variety of data types that are often used in knowledge bases, such as text, images, and numerical values. In this paper, we propose multimodal knowledge base embeddings (MKBE) that use different neural encoders for this variety of observed data, and combine them with existing relational models to learn embeddings of the entities and multimodal data. Further, using these learned embedings and different neural decoders, we introduce a novel multimodal imputation model to generate missing multimodal values, like text and images, from information in the knowledge base. We enrich existing relational datasets to create two novel benchmarks that contain additional information such as textual descriptions and images of the original entities. We demonstrate that our models utilize this additional information effectively to provide more accurate link prediction, achieving state-of-the-art results with a considerable gap of 5-7% over existing methods. Further, we evaluate the quality of our generated multimodal values via a user study. We have release the datasets and the open-source implementation of our models at https://github.com/pouyapez/mkbe
Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Sep 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 7; 2023: 11; 2024: 9; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
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- 2022Foundations and Trends in Multimodal Machine Learning: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 116
- 2022A Survey of Knowledge Graph Reasoning on Graph Types: Static, Dynamic, and Multimodalcited by 106
- 2021The Perils of Using Mechanical Turk to Evaluate Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 96
- 2022Multi-Modal Knowledge Graph Construction and Application: A Surveycited by 74
- 2024Natural Language Understanding and Inference with MLLM in Visual Question Answering: A Surveycited by 74
- 2022MuKEA: Multimodal Knowledge Extraction and Accumulation for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answeringcited by 36
- 2023IMF: Interactive Multimodal Fusion Model for Link Predictioncited by 28
- 2024NativE: Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Completion in the Wildcited by 23
- 2022Knowledge Graph Completion with Pre-trained Multimodal Transformer and Twins Negative Samplingcited by 18
- 2023Representation Learning on Hyper-Relational and Numeric Knowledge Graphs with Transformerscited by 16
- 2022MMKGR: Multi-hop Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Reasoningcited by 13
- 2024Cross-modal Retrieval for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answeringcited by 13
22 more
- 2023Construction of Knowledge Graphs: State and Challengescited by 12
- 2023Structure Guided Multi-modal Pre-trained Transformer for Knowledge Graph Reasoningcited by 8
- 2023Modality-Aware Negative Sampling for Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Embeddingcited by 7
- 2022A Unified Continuous Learning Framework for Multi-modal Knowledge Discovery and Pre-trainingcited by 5
- 2023Knowledge Graphs Queryingcited by 5
- 2023BioBLP: A Modular Framework for Learning on Multimodal Biomedical Knowledge Graphscited by 5
- 2024Progressively Modality Freezing for Multi-Modal Entity Alignmentcited by 5
- 2023Reviving the Context: Camera Trap Species Classification as Link Prediction on Multimodal Knowledge Graphscited by 4
- 2023End-to-End Learning on Multimodal Knowledge Graphscited by 3
- 2024Numerical Literals in Link Prediction: A Critical Examination of Models and Datasetscited by 2
- 2023Joint Representations of Text and Knowledge Graphs for Retrieval and Evaluationcited by 1
- 2023Bridging the Semantic-Numerical Gap: A Numerical Reasoning Method of Cross-modal Knowledge Graph for Material Property Predictioncited by 1
- 2024Contrast then Memorize: Semantic Neighbor Retrieval-Enhanced Inductive Multimodal Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 1
- 2025Representation Learning with Mutual Influence of Modalities for Node Classification in Multi-Modal Heterogeneous Networkscited by 1
- 2025Remote Sensing Image Intelligent Interpretation with the Language-Centered Perspective: Principles, Methods and Challengescited by 1
- 2021Recursive input and state estimation: A general framework for learning from time series with missing datacited by 0
- 2024Graph-Convolutional Autoencoder Ensembles for the Humanities, Illustrated with a Study of the American Slave Tradecited by 0
- 2024Light Up the Shadows: Enhance Long-Tailed Entity Grounding with Concept-Guided Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2024A Pattern to Align Them All: Integrating Different Modalities to Define Multi-Modal Entitiescited by 0
- 2025Breaking the Euclidean Barrier: Hyperboloid-Based Biological Sequence Analysiscited by 0
- 2026RADD: Retrieval-Augmented Discrete Diffusion for Multi-Modal Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 0
- 2026More Perspectives, Stronger Signals: Multi-Perspective Enhancement and Progressive Fusion for Multimodal Entity Representation Learningcited by 0
- 2026More Perspectives, Stronger Signals: Multi-Perspective Enhancement and Progressive Fusion for Multimodal Entity Representation Learning29 Aug 2026
- 2026RADD: Retrieval-Augmented Discrete Diffusion for Multi-Modal Knowledge Graph Completion28 Apr 2026
- 2025Breaking the Euclidean Barrier: Hyperboloid-Based Biological Sequence Analysis1 Oct 2025
- 2025Remote Sensing Image Intelligent Interpretation with the Language-Centered Perspective: Principles, Methods and Challenges9 Aug 2025
- 2025Representation Learning with Mutual Influence of Modalities for Node Classification in Multi-Modal Heterogeneous Networks12 May 2025
- 2024Natural Language Understanding and Inference with MLLM in Visual Question Answering: A Survey26 Nov 2024
- 2024A Pattern to Align Them All: Integrating Different Modalities to Define Multi-Modal Entities17 Oct 2024
- 2024Numerical Literals in Link Prediction: A Critical Examination of Models and Datasets25 Jul 2024
- 2024Progressively Modality Freezing for Multi-Modal Entity Alignment23 Jul 2024
- 2024Contrast then Memorize: Semantic Neighbor Retrieval-Enhanced Inductive Multimodal Knowledge Graph Completion3 Jul 2024
- 2024Light Up the Shadows: Enhance Long-Tailed Entity Grounding with Concept-Guided Vision-Language Models16 Jun 2024
- 2024NativE: Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Completion in the Wild28 Mar 2024
22 more
- 2024Cross-modal Retrieval for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answering11 Jan 2024
- 2024Graph-Convolutional Autoencoder Ensembles for the Humanities, Illustrated with a Study of the American Slave Trade1 Jan 2024
- 2023Reviving the Context: Camera Trap Species Classification as Link Prediction on Multimodal Knowledge Graphs31 Dec 2023
- 2023Bridging the Semantic-Numerical Gap: A Numerical Reasoning Method of Cross-modal Knowledge Graph for Material Property Prediction15 Dec 2023
- 2023End-to-End Learning on Multimodal Knowledge Graphs3 Sep 2023
- 2023Structure Guided Multi-modal Pre-trained Transformer for Knowledge Graph Reasoning6 Jul 2023
- 2023BioBLP: A Modular Framework for Learning on Multimodal Biomedical Knowledge Graphs6 Jun 2023
- 2023Representation Learning on Hyper-Relational and Numeric Knowledge Graphs with Transformers29 May 2023
- 2023Knowledge Graphs Querying23 May 2023
- 2023Modality-Aware Negative Sampling for Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Embedding23 Apr 2023
- 2023IMF: Interactive Multimodal Fusion Model for Link Prediction20 Mar 2023
- 2023Joint Representations of Text and Knowledge Graphs for Retrieval and Evaluation28 Feb 2023
- 2023Construction of Knowledge Graphs: State and Challenges22 Feb 2023
- 2022A Survey of Knowledge Graph Reasoning on Graph Types: Static, Dynamic, and Multimodal12 Dec 2022
- 2022Knowledge Graph Completion with Pre-trained Multimodal Transformer and Twins Negative Sampling15 Sep 2022
- 2022Foundations and Trends in Multimodal Machine Learning: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questions7 Sep 2022
- 2022MMKGR: Multi-hop Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Reasoning3 Sep 2022
- 2022A Unified Continuous Learning Framework for Multi-modal Knowledge Discovery and Pre-training11 Jun 2022
- 2022MuKEA: Multimodal Knowledge Extraction and Accumulation for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answering17 Mar 2022
- 2022Multi-Modal Knowledge Graph Construction and Application: A Survey11 Feb 2022
- 2021The Perils of Using Mechanical Turk to Evaluate Open-Ended Text Generation14 Sep 2021
- 2021Recursive input and state estimation: A general framework for learning from time series with missing data17 Apr 2021
- 2022MMKGR: Multi-hop Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Reasoningcited by 13
- 2022MMKGR: Multi-hop Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Reasoning3 Sep 2022
- 2022Foundations and Trends in Multimodal Machine Learning: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 116
- 2022A Survey of Knowledge Graph Reasoning on Graph Types: Static, Dynamic, and Multimodalcited by 106
- 2021The Perils of Using Mechanical Turk to Evaluate Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 96
- 2022Multi-Modal Knowledge Graph Construction and Application: A Surveycited by 74
- 2022MuKEA: Multimodal Knowledge Extraction and Accumulation for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answeringcited by 36
- 2023IMF: Interactive Multimodal Fusion Model for Link Predictioncited by 28
- 2024NativE: Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Completion in the Wildcited by 23
- 2022Knowledge Graph Completion with Pre-trained Multimodal Transformer and Twins Negative Samplingcited by 18
- 2023Representation Learning on Hyper-Relational and Numeric Knowledge Graphs with Transformerscited by 16
- 2024Cross-modal Retrieval for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answeringcited by 13
- 2023Construction of Knowledge Graphs: State and Challengescited by 12
- 2023Structure Guided Multi-modal Pre-trained Transformer for Knowledge Graph Reasoningcited by 8
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2026More Perspectives, Stronger Signals: Multi-Perspective Enhancement and Progressive Fusion for Multimodal Entity Representation Learning29 Aug 2026
- 2025Breaking the Euclidean Barrier: Hyperboloid-Based Biological Sequence Analysis1 Oct 2025
- 2025Remote Sensing Image Intelligent Interpretation with the Language-Centered Perspective: Principles, Methods and Challenges9 Aug 2025
- 2025Representation Learning with Mutual Influence of Modalities for Node Classification in Multi-Modal Heterogeneous Networks12 May 2025
- 2024A Pattern to Align Them All: Integrating Different Modalities to Define Multi-Modal Entities17 Oct 2024
- 2024Numerical Literals in Link Prediction: A Critical Examination of Models and Datasets25 Jul 2024
- 2024Progressively Modality Freezing for Multi-Modal Entity Alignment23 Jul 2024
- 2024Contrast then Memorize: Semantic Neighbor Retrieval-Enhanced Inductive Multimodal Knowledge Graph Completion3 Jul 2024
- 2024NativE: Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Completion in the Wild28 Mar 2024
- 2024Cross-modal Retrieval for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answering11 Jan 2024
- 2024Graph-Convolutional Autoencoder Ensembles for the Humanities, Illustrated with a Study of the American Slave Trade1 Jan 2024
- 2023Reviving the Context: Camera Trap Species Classification as Link Prediction on Multimodal Knowledge Graphs31 Dec 2023
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)