Ontology Reasoning with Deep Neural Networks
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Abstract (arXiv)
The ability to conduct logical reasoning is a fundamental aspect of intelligent human behavior, and thus an important problem along the way to human-level artificial intelligence. Traditionally, logic-based symbolic methods from the field of knowledge representation and reasoning have been used to equip agents with capabilities that resemble human logical reasoning qualities. More recently, however, there has been an increasing interest in using machine learning rather than logic-based symbolic formalisms to tackle these tasks. In this paper, we employ state-of-the-art methods for training deep neural networks to devise a novel model that is able to learn how to effectively perform logical reasoning in the form of basic ontology reasoning. This is an important and at the same time very natural logical reasoning task, which is why the presented approach is applicable to a plethora of important real-world problems. We present the outcomes of several experiments, which show that our model is able to learn to perform highly accurate ontology reasoning on very large, diverse, and challenging benchmarks. Furthermore, it turned out that the suggested approach suffers much less from different obstacles that prohibit logic-based symbolic reasoning, and, at the same time, is surprisingly plausible from a biological point of view.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Aug 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 8; 2023: 10; 2024: 6; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.
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- 2023Large Language Models are In-Context Semantic Reasoners rather than Symbolic Reasonerscited by 63
- 2021Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence: Current Trendscited by 54
- 2022Towards Data-and Knowledge-Driven Artificial Intelligence: A Survey on Neuro-Symbolic Computingcited by 34
- 2024Towards Cognitive AI Systems: a Survey and Prospective on Neuro-Symbolic AIcited by 24
- 2023A Multi-Task Perspective for Link Prediction with New Relation Types and Nodescited by 23
- 2025Continuous Thought Machinescited by 21
- 2022Rethinking Knowledge Graph Evaluation Under the Open-World Assumptioncited by 17
- 2023PyReason: Software for Open World Temporal Logiccited by 16
- 2025PhantomWiki: On-Demand Datasets for Reasoning and Retrieval Evaluationcited by 14
- 2024Towards Efficient Neuro-Symbolic AI: From Workload Characterization to Hardware Architecturecited by 7
- 2021A conditional, a fuzzy and a probabilistic interpretation of self-organising mapscited by 6
- 2023Extensions to Generalized Annotated Logic and an Equivalent Neural Architecturecited by 6
28 more
- 2022Learning First-Order Rules with Differentiable Logic Program Semanticscited by 5
- 2022RulE: Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Rule Embeddingcited by 5
- 2023Causal Lifting and Link Predictioncited by 5
- 2025A Study on Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence: Healthcare Perspectivescited by 5
- 2021On the Capabilities of Pointer Networks for Deep Deductive Reasoningcited by 4
- 2023Knowledge-enhanced Neural Machine Reasoning: A Reviewcited by 3
- 2024Combining Machine Learning and Ontology: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 3
- 2024On the use of neurosymbolic AI for defending against cyber attackscited by 3
- 2022FALCON: Scalable Reasoning over Inconsistent ALC Ontologiescited by 2
- 2023Neuro-Symbolic Recommendation Model based on Logic Querycited by 2
- 2023Scalable Semantic Non-Markovian Simulation Proxy for Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
- 2025Dealing with Inconsistency for Reasoning over Knowledge Graphs: A Surveycited by 2
- 2026To Neuro-Symbolic Classification and Beyond by Compiling Description Logic Ontologies to Probabilistic Circuitscited by 2
- 2021Deep Neural Networks for Approximating Stream Reasoning with C-SPARQLcited by 1
- 2022Embeddings as Epistemic States: Limitations on the Use of Pooling Operators for Accumulating Knowledgecited by 1
- 2023A preferential interpretation of MultiLayer Perceptrons in a conditional logic with typicalitycited by 1
- 2023Neuro-Symbolic RDF and Description Logic Reasoners: The State-Of-The-Art and Challengescited by 1
- 2024Interactive Ontology Matching with Cost-Efficient Learningcited by 1
- 2025Tripartite-GraphRAG via Plugin Ontologiescited by 1
- 2025DeepGraphLog for Layered Neurosymbolic AIcited by 1
- 2021From Common Sense Reasoning to Neural Network Models through Multiple Preferences: an overviewcited by 0
- 2022Region-Based Merging of Open-Domain Terminological Knowledgecited by 0
- 2022Differentiable programming: Generalization, characterization and limitations of deep learningcited by 0
- 2024Aligning Knowledge Graphs Provided by Humans and Generated from Neural Networks in Specific Taskscited by 0
- 2025Lattice Annotated Temporal (LAT) Logic for Non-Markovian Reasoningcited by 0
- 2025Bridging Philosophy and Machine Learning: A Structuralist Framework for Classifying Neural Network Representationscited by 0
- 2026REASON: Accelerating Probabilistic Logical Reasoning for Scalable Neuro-Symbolic Intelligencecited by 0
- 2026Extending Ontologies: From Dense Embeddings to Hybrid Quantum-Fuzzy Systemscited by 0
- 2026Extending Ontologies: From Dense Embeddings to Hybrid Quantum-Fuzzy Systems7 Jun 2026
- 2026REASON: Accelerating Probabilistic Logical Reasoning for Scalable Neuro-Symbolic Intelligence28 Jan 2026
- 2026To Neuro-Symbolic Classification and Beyond by Compiling Description Logic Ontologies to Probabilistic Circuits21 Jan 2026
- 2025Bridging Philosophy and Machine Learning: A Structuralist Framework for Classifying Neural Network Representations23 Nov 2025
- 2025DeepGraphLog for Layered Neurosymbolic AI9 Sep 2025
- 2025Lattice Annotated Temporal (LAT) Logic for Non-Markovian Reasoning3 Sep 2025
- 2025Continuous Thought Machines8 May 2025
- 2025Tripartite-GraphRAG via Plugin Ontologies28 Apr 2025
- 2025A Study on Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence: Healthcare Perspectives23 Mar 2025
- 2025PhantomWiki: On-Demand Datasets for Reasoning and Retrieval Evaluation27 Feb 2025
- 2025Dealing with Inconsistency for Reasoning over Knowledge Graphs: A Survey26 Feb 2025
- 2024Towards Efficient Neuro-Symbolic AI: From Workload Characterization to Hardware Architecture20 Sep 2024
28 more
- 2024On the use of neurosymbolic AI for defending against cyber attacks9 Aug 2024
- 2024Aligning Knowledge Graphs Provided by Humans and Generated from Neural Networks in Specific Tasks23 Apr 2024
- 2024Interactive Ontology Matching with Cost-Efficient Learning11 Apr 2024
- 2024Combining Machine Learning and Ontology: A Systematic Literature Review15 Jan 2024
- 2024Towards Cognitive AI Systems: a Survey and Prospective on Neuro-Symbolic AI2 Jan 2024
- 2023Scalable Semantic Non-Markovian Simulation Proxy for Reinforcement Learning10 Oct 2023
- 2023Neuro-Symbolic Recommendation Model based on Logic Query14 Sep 2023
- 2023Neuro-Symbolic RDF and Description Logic Reasoners: The State-Of-The-Art and Challenges9 Aug 2023
- 2023A Multi-Task Perspective for Link Prediction with New Relation Types and Nodes12 Jul 2023
- 2023Large Language Models are In-Context Semantic Reasoners rather than Symbolic Reasoners24 May 2023
- 2023A preferential interpretation of MultiLayer Perceptrons in a conditional logic with typicality29 Apr 2023
- 2023PyReason: Software for Open World Temporal Logic27 Feb 2023
- 2023Extensions to Generalized Annotated Logic and an Equivalent Neural Architecture23 Feb 2023
- 2023Knowledge-enhanced Neural Machine Reasoning: A Review4 Feb 2023
- 2023Causal Lifting and Link Prediction2 Feb 2023
- 2022Towards Data-and Knowledge-Driven Artificial Intelligence: A Survey on Neuro-Symbolic Computing28 Oct 2022
- 2022RulE: Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Rule Embedding24 Oct 2022
- 2022Embeddings as Epistemic States: Limitations on the Use of Pooling Operators for Accumulating Knowledge11 Oct 2022
- 2022Rethinking Knowledge Graph Evaluation Under the Open-World Assumption19 Sep 2022
- 2022FALCON: Scalable Reasoning over Inconsistent ALC Ontologies16 Aug 2022
- 2022Differentiable programming: Generalization, characterization and limitations of deep learning13 May 2022
- 2022Region-Based Merging of Open-Domain Terminological Knowledge5 May 2022
- 2022Learning First-Order Rules with Differentiable Logic Program Semantics28 Apr 2022
- 2021From Common Sense Reasoning to Neural Network Models through Multiple Preferences: an overview10 Jul 2021
- 2021On the Capabilities of Pointer Networks for Deep Deductive Reasoning17 Jun 2021
- 2021Deep Neural Networks for Approximating Stream Reasoning with C-SPARQL15 Jun 2021
- 2021Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence: Current Trends11 May 2021
- 2021A conditional, a fuzzy and a probabilistic interpretation of self-organising maps11 Mar 2021
- 2023Large Language Models are In-Context Semantic Reasoners rather than Symbolic Reasonerscited by 63
- 2023PyReason: Software for Open World Temporal Logiccited by 16
- 2025PhantomWiki: On-Demand Datasets for Reasoning and Retrieval Evaluationcited by 14
- 2024Combining Machine Learning and Ontology: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 3
- 2025DeepGraphLog for Layered Neurosymbolic AIcited by 1
- 2025Lattice Annotated Temporal (LAT) Logic for Non-Markovian Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026REASON: Accelerating Probabilistic Logical Reasoning for Scalable Neuro-Symbolic Intelligencecited by 0
- 2026REASON: Accelerating Probabilistic Logical Reasoning for Scalable Neuro-Symbolic Intelligence28 Jan 2026
- 2025DeepGraphLog for Layered Neurosymbolic AI9 Sep 2025
- 2025Lattice Annotated Temporal (LAT) Logic for Non-Markovian Reasoning3 Sep 2025
- 2025PhantomWiki: On-Demand Datasets for Reasoning and Retrieval Evaluation27 Feb 2025
- 2024Combining Machine Learning and Ontology: A Systematic Literature Review15 Jan 2024
- 2023Large Language Models are In-Context Semantic Reasoners rather than Symbolic Reasoners24 May 2023
- 2023PyReason: Software for Open World Temporal Logic27 Feb 2023
- 2021Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence: Current Trendscited by 54
- 2022Towards Data-and Knowledge-Driven Artificial Intelligence: A Survey on Neuro-Symbolic Computingcited by 34
- 2024Towards Cognitive AI Systems: a Survey and Prospective on Neuro-Symbolic AIcited by 24
- 2023A Multi-Task Perspective for Link Prediction with New Relation Types and Nodescited by 23
- 2025Continuous Thought Machinescited by 21
- 2022Rethinking Knowledge Graph Evaluation Under the Open-World Assumptioncited by 17
- 2024Towards Efficient Neuro-Symbolic AI: From Workload Characterization to Hardware Architecturecited by 7
- 2021A conditional, a fuzzy and a probabilistic interpretation of self-organising mapscited by 6
- 2023Extensions to Generalized Annotated Logic and an Equivalent Neural Architecturecited by 6
- 2022Learning First-Order Rules with Differentiable Logic Program Semanticscited by 5
- 2022RulE: Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Rule Embeddingcited by 5
- 2023Causal Lifting and Link Predictioncited by 5
12 most cited of 33 All 33 (JSON)
- 2026Extending Ontologies: From Dense Embeddings to Hybrid Quantum-Fuzzy Systems7 Jun 2026
- 2026To Neuro-Symbolic Classification and Beyond by Compiling Description Logic Ontologies to Probabilistic Circuits21 Jan 2026
- 2025Bridging Philosophy and Machine Learning: A Structuralist Framework for Classifying Neural Network Representations23 Nov 2025
- 2025Continuous Thought Machines8 May 2025
- 2025Tripartite-GraphRAG via Plugin Ontologies28 Apr 2025
- 2025A Study on Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence: Healthcare Perspectives23 Mar 2025
- 2025Dealing with Inconsistency for Reasoning over Knowledge Graphs: A Survey26 Feb 2025
- 2024Towards Efficient Neuro-Symbolic AI: From Workload Characterization to Hardware Architecture20 Sep 2024
- 2024On the use of neurosymbolic AI for defending against cyber attacks9 Aug 2024
- 2024Aligning Knowledge Graphs Provided by Humans and Generated from Neural Networks in Specific Tasks23 Apr 2024
- 2024Interactive Ontology Matching with Cost-Efficient Learning11 Apr 2024
- 2024Towards Cognitive AI Systems: a Survey and Prospective on Neuro-Symbolic AI2 Jan 2024
12 newest of 33 All 33 (JSON)