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The SEN1-2 Dataset for Deep Learning in SAR-Optical Data Fusion

arXiv 1807.01569 ↗First posted 4 Jul 2018cs.CVcited by 42

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Abstract (arXiv)

While deep learning techniques have an increasing impact on many technical fields, gathering sufficient amounts of training data is a challenging problem in remote sensing. In particular, this holds for applications involving data from multiple sensors with heterogeneous characteristics. One example for that is the fusion of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and optical imagery. With this paper, we publish the SEN1-2 dataset to foster deep learning research in SAR-optical data fusion. SEN1-2 comprises 282,384 pairs of corresponding image patches, collected from across the globe and throughout all meteorological seasons. Besides a detailed description of the dataset, we show exemplary results for several possible applications, such as SAR image colorization, SAR-optical image matching, and creation of artificial optical images from SAR input data. Since SEN1-2 is the first large open dataset of this kind, we believe it will support further developments in the field of deep learning for remote sensing as well as multi-sensor data fusion.

Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Jul 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 4; 2023: 5; 2024: 10; 2025: 12; 2026: 8.

42 papers.

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  1. 2022EarthNets: Empowering AI in Earth Observationcited by 40
  2. 2021The QXS-SAROPT Dataset for Deep Learning in SAR-Optical Data Fusioncited by 27
  3. 2022SAR Despeckling using a Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelcited by 19
  4. 2024Conditional Brownian Bridge Diffusion Model for VHR SAR to Optical Image Translationcited by 10
  5. 2024Planted: a dataset for planted forest identification from multi-satellite time seriescited by 9
  6. 2024Generative Artificial Intelligence Meets Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Surveycited by 9
  7. 2025Multi-Resolution SAR and Optical Remote Sensing Image Registration Methods: A Review, Datasets, and Future Perspectivescited by 9
  8. 20243MOS: Multi-sources, Multi-resolutions, and Multi-scenes dataset for Optical-SAR image matchingcited by 8
  9. 2024MMM-RS: A Multi-modal, Multi-GSD, Multi-scene Remote Sensing Dataset and Benchmark for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 8
  10. 2024C-DiffSET: Leveraging Latent Diffusion for SAR-to-EO Image Translation with Confidence-Guided Reliable Object Generationcited by 8
  11. 2025Cross-modal Ship Re-Identification via Optical and SAR Imagery: A Novel Dataset and Methodcited by 8
  12. 2023Advances and Challenges in Multimodal Remote Sensing Image Registrationcited by 7
30 more
  1. 2024M3LEO: A Multi-Modal, Multi-Label Earth Observation Dataset Integrating Interferometric SAR and Multispectral Datacited by 6
  2. 2025MIFNet: Learning Modality-Invariant Features for Generalizable Multimodal Image Matchingcited by 6
  3. 2025SARMAE: Masked Autoencoder for SAR Representation Learningcited by 6
  4. 2022SAR-to-EO Image Translation with Multi-Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 3
  5. 2023Incomplete Multimodal Learning for Remote Sensing Data Fusioncited by 3
  6. 2024Accelerating Diffusion for SAR-to-Optical Image Translation via Adversarial Consistency Distillationcited by 3
  7. 2024SAR to Optical Image Translation with Color Supervised Diffusion Modelcited by 3
  8. 2025SAR-TEXT: A Large-Scale SAR Image-Text Dataset Built with SAR-Narrator and A Progressive Learning Strategy for Downstream Taskscited by 3
  9. 2026Adaptive Domain Shift in Diffusion Models for Cross-Modality Image Translationcited by 3
  10. 2026Any2Any: Unified Arbitrary Modality Translation for Remote Sensingcited by 3
  11. 2021Homography augumented momentum constrastive learning for SAR image retrievalcited by 2
  12. 2022Amplitude SAR Imagery Splicing Localizationcited by 2
  13. 2023TSGAN: An Optical-to-SAR Dual Conditional GAN for Optical based SAR Temporal Shiftingcited by 2
  14. 2025CSHNet: A Novel Information Asymmetric Image Translation Methodcited by 2
  15. 2025SMART-Ship: A Comprehensive Synchronized Multi-modal Aligned Remote Sensing Targets Dataset and Benchmark for Berthed Ships Analysiscited by 2
  16. 2021Learning a Joint Embedding of Multiple Satellite Sensors: A Case Study for Lake Ice Monitoringcited by 1
  17. 2023SAR-to-Optical Image Translation via Thermodynamics-inspired Networkcited by 1
  18. 2023A Benchmarking Protocol for SAR Colorization: From Regression to Deep Learning Approachescited by 1
  19. 2025Multi-Expert Learning Framework with the State Space Model for Optical and SAR Image Registrationcited by 1
  20. 2026SARLO-80: Worldwide Slant SAR Language Optic Dataset 80cmcited by 1
  21. 2024REMM:Rotation-Equivariant Framework for End-to-End Multimodal Image Matchingcited by 0
  22. 2025Semi-supervised Multiscale Matching for SAR-Optical Imagecited by 0
  23. 2025SOMA: Feature Gradient Enhanced Affine-Flow Matching for SAR-Optical Registrationcited by 0
  24. 2025Deepfake Geography: Detecting AI-Generated Satellite Imagescited by 0
  25. 2025Maritime object classification with SAR imagery using quantum kernel methodscited by 0
  26. 2026Matching of SAR and optical images based on transformation to shared modalitycited by 0
  27. 2026TAR: Text Semantic Assisted Cross-modal Image Registration Framework for Optical and SAR Imagescited by 0
  28. 2026MetaEarth-MM: Unified Multimodal Remote Sensing Image Generation with Scene-centered Joint Modelingcited by 0
  29. 2026Cross-Sensor SAR Data Generation Using Diffusion Models and Feature Migrationcited by 0
  30. 2026LoRetta: A Foundation Model and Extensive Dataset for Global-Scale Remote Sensing Dense Image Matchingcited by 0