A Survey of Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Neural machine translation (NMT) is a deep learning based approach for machine translation, which yields the state-of-the-art translation performance in scenarios where large-scale parallel corpora are available. Although the high-quality and domain-specific translation is crucial in the real world, domain-specific corpora are usually scarce or nonexistent, and thus vanilla NMT performs poorly in such scenarios. Domain adaptation that leverages both out-of-domain parallel corpora as well as monolingual corpora for in-domain translation, is very important for domain-specific translation. In this paper, we give a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art domain adaptation techniques for NMT.
Key facts. Cited by 64 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Jun 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 21; 2022: 16; 2023: 13; 2024: 3; 2025: 6; 2026: 5.
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- 2021Neural Machine Translation for Low-Resource Languages: A Surveycited by 108
- 2023Diffusion Models for Image Restoration and Enhancement: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 108
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and reviewcited by 97
- 2021Types of Out-of-Distribution Texts and How to Detect Themcited by 80
- 2021Neural Machine Translation with Monolingual Translation Memorycited by 61
- 2021Domain Adaptation and Multi-Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation: A Surveycited by 46
- 2021Meta-Curriculum Learning for Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translationcited by 28
- 2021Learning Kernel-Smoothed Machine Translation with Retrieved Examplescited by 25
- 2023Federated Domain Generalization: A Surveycited by 25
- 2021TranSmart: A Practical Interactive Machine Translation Systemcited by 17
- 2024Salute the Classic: Revisiting Challenges of Machine Translation in the Age of Large Language Modelscited by 17
- 2021A Survey on Low-Resource Neural Machine Translationcited by 16
38 more
- 2021Don't Go Far Off: An Empirical Study on Neural Poetry Translationcited by 15
- 2021Sequential Domain Adaptation by Synthesizing Distributionally Robust Expertscited by 14
- 2021Crowdsourcing Learning as Domain Adaptation: A Case Study on Named Entity Recognitioncited by 13
- 2021Phrase-level Active Learning for Neural Machine Translationcited by 13
- 2021On the Language Coverage Bias for Neural Machine Translationcited by 12
- 2022Training Mixed-Domain Translation Models via Federated Learningcited by 12
- 2023Simple and Scalable Nearest Neighbor Machine Translationcited by 12
- 2021Improving Both Domain Robustness and Domain Adaptability in Machine Translationcited by 11
- 2023NaSGEC: a Multi-Domain Chinese Grammatical Error Correction Dataset from Native Speaker Textscited by 9
- 2021Multi-Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation Through Multidimensional Taggingcited by 8
- 2022When does Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning Work for Machine Translation?cited by 7
- 2022Zero-shot Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation with Retrieved Phrase-level Promptscited by 7
- 2025An Interdisciplinary Approach to Human-Centered Machine Translationcited by 6
- 2023Federated Nearest Neighbor Machine Translationcited by 5
- 2021Selecting Parallel In-domain Sentences for Neural Machine Translation Using Monolingual Textscited by 4
- 2022Twist Decoding: Diverse Generators Guide Each Othercited by 4
- 2023Tailoring Domain Adaptation for Machine Translation Quality Estimationcited by 4
- 2023Adaptation Speed Analysis for Fairness-aware Causal Modelscited by 4
- 2024Automated Collection of Evaluation Dataset for Semantic Search in Low-Resource Domain Languagecited by 4
- 2021Improving Lexically Constrained Neural Machine Translation with Source-Conditioned Masked Span Predictioncited by 3
- 2022Balancing Multi-Domain Corpora Learning for Open-Domain Response Generationcited by 3
- 2022Domain Adaptation of Machine Translation with Crowdworkerscited by 3
- 2025Efficient Domain-adaptive Continual Pretraining for the Process Industry in the German Languagecited by 3
- 2026STRUCTSURVEY: Structured Agentic Retrieval for Automated Survey Paper Generationcited by 3
- 2021Literature review on vulnerability detection using NLP technologycited by 2
- 2022Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation using a Qualia-Enriched FrameNetcited by 2
- 2022Time Will Change Things: An Empirical Study on Dynamic Language Understanding in Social Media Classificationcited by 2
- 2022m4Adapter: Multilingual Multi-Domain Adaptation for Machine Translation with a Meta-Adaptercited by 2
- 2021Unsupervised Transfer Learning in Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with Cross-Lingual Word Embeddingscited by 1
- 2021Using Machine Translation to Localize Task Oriented NLG Outputcited by 1
- 2021Generalised Unsupervised Domain Adaptation of Neural Machine Translation with Cross-Lingual Data Selectioncited by 1
- 2022Global Readiness of Language Technology for Healthcare: What would it Take to Combat the Next Pandemic?cited by 1
- 2023Pluggable Neural Machine Translation Models via Memory-augmented Adapterscited by 1
- 2023Towards Faster k-Nearest-Neighbor Machine Translationcited by 1
- 2024F-MALLOC: Feed-forward Memory Allocation for Continual Learning in Neural Machine Translationcited by 1
- 2025English Please: Evaluating Machine Translation with Large Language Models for Multilingual Bug Reportscited by 1
- 2025BanglaSTEM: A Parallel Corpus for Technical Domain Bangla-English Translationcited by 1
- 2022Finding the Right Recipe for Low Resource Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translationcited by 0
50 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2026The University of Melbourne WMT 2026 CreoleMT Submission: A Domain-Balanced Approach to Low-Resource Pacific Creole Machine Translation12 Sep 2026
- 2026MixedPEFT: Combining Multiple PEFT Methods with Mixed Objectives for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation20 Jun 2026
- 2026STRUCTSURVEY: Structured Agentic Retrieval for Automated Survey Paper Generation12 May 2026
- 2026Challenges in Translating Technical Lectures: Insights from the NPTEL9 Feb 2026
- 2026Data Kernel Perspective Space Performance Guarantees for Synthetic Data from Transformer Models4 Feb 2026
- 2025BanglaSTEM: A Parallel Corpus for Technical Domain Bangla-English Translation5 Nov 2025
- 2025Data-Efficient Domain Adaptation for LLM-based MT using Contrastive Preference Optimization31 Oct 2025
- 2025An Interdisciplinary Approach to Human-Centered Machine Translation16 Jun 2025
- 2025In-Domain African Languages Translation Using LLMs and Multi-armed Bandits21 May 2025
- 2025Efficient Domain-adaptive Continual Pretraining for the Process Industry in the German Language28 Apr 2025
- 2025English Please: Evaluating Machine Translation with Large Language Models for Multilingual Bug Reports20 Feb 2025
- 2024Automated Collection of Evaluation Dataset for Semantic Search in Low-Resource Domain Language13 Dec 2024
38 more
- 2024F-MALLOC: Feed-forward Memory Allocation for Continual Learning in Neural Machine Translation7 Apr 2024
- 2024Salute the Classic: Revisiting Challenges of Machine Translation in the Age of Large Language Models16 Jan 2024
- 2023Towards Faster k-Nearest-Neighbor Machine Translation12 Dec 2023
- 2023Epi-Curriculum: Episodic Curriculum Learning for Low-Resource Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation6 Sep 2023
- 2023Adaptation Speed Analysis for Fairness-aware Causal Models31 Aug 2023
- 2023Diffusion Models for Image Restoration and Enhancement: A Comprehensive Survey18 Aug 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Domain Adaptation using Lexical Transformations and Label Injection for Twitter Data14 Jul 2023
- 2023Pluggable Neural Machine Translation Models via Memory-augmented Adapters12 Jul 2023
- 2023Federated Domain Generalization: A Survey2 Jun 2023
- 2023Bridging the Domain Gaps in Context Representations for k-Nearest Neighbor Neural Machine Translation26 May 2023
- 2023NaSGEC: a Multi-Domain Chinese Grammatical Error Correction Dataset from Native Speaker Texts25 May 2023
- 2023Tailoring Domain Adaptation for Machine Translation Quality Estimation18 Apr 2023
- 2023Exploiting Language Relatedness in Machine Translation Through Domain Adaptation Techniques3 Mar 2023
- 2023Federated Nearest Neighbor Machine Translation23 Feb 2023
- 2023Simple and Scalable Nearest Neighbor Machine Translation23 Feb 2023
- 2022Impact of Domain-Adapted Multilingual Neural Machine Translation in the Medical Domain5 Dec 2022
- 2022Domain Adaptation of Machine Translation with Crowdworkers28 Oct 2022
- 2022m4Adapter: Multilingual Multi-Domain Adaptation for Machine Translation with a Meta-Adapter21 Oct 2022
- 2022Domain Specific Sub-network for Multi-Domain Neural Machine Translation18 Oct 2022
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and review6 Oct 2022
- 2022Time Will Change Things: An Empirical Study on Dynamic Language Understanding in Social Media Classification6 Oct 2022
- 2022Zero-shot Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation with Retrieved Phrase-level Prompts23 Sep 2022
- 2022A Snapshot into the Possibility of Video Game Machine Translation19 Sep 2022
- 2022An Empirical Study of Automatic Post-Editing16 Sep 2022
- 2022Finding the Right Recipe for Low Resource Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation2 Jun 2022
- 2022When does Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning Work for Machine Translation?23 May 2022
- 2022Twist Decoding: Diverse Generators Guide Each Other19 May 2022
- 2022Balancing Multi-Domain Corpora Learning for Open-Domain Response Generation5 May 2022
- 2022Training Mixed-Domain Translation Models via Federated Learning3 May 2022
- 2022Global Readiness of Language Technology for Healthcare: What would it Take to Combat the Next Pandemic?6 Apr 2022
- 2022Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation using a Qualia-Enriched FrameNet21 Feb 2022
- 2021Improving Both Domain Robustness and Domain Adaptability in Machine Translation15 Dec 2021
- 2021Selecting Parallel In-domain Sentences for Neural Machine Translation Using Monolingual Texts11 Dec 2021
- 2021Learning Kernel-Smoothed Machine Translation with Retrieved Examples21 Sep 2021
- 2021Types of Out-of-Distribution Texts and How to Detect Them14 Sep 2021
- 2021Generalised Unsupervised Domain Adaptation of Neural Machine Translation with Cross-Lingual Data Selection9 Sep 2021
- 2021Don't Go Far Off: An Empirical Study on Neural Poetry Translation7 Sep 2021
- 2021Using Machine Translation to Localize Task Oriented NLG Output9 Jul 2021
50 newest of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2021Neural Machine Translation for Low-Resource Languages: A Surveycited by 108
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and reviewcited by 97
- 2021Types of Out-of-Distribution Texts and How to Detect Themcited by 80
- 2021Neural Machine Translation with Monolingual Translation Memorycited by 61
- 2021Domain Adaptation and Multi-Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation: A Surveycited by 46
- 2021Meta-Curriculum Learning for Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translationcited by 28
- 2021Learning Kernel-Smoothed Machine Translation with Retrieved Examplescited by 25
- 2023Federated Domain Generalization: A Surveycited by 25
- 2021TranSmart: A Practical Interactive Machine Translation Systemcited by 17
- 2024Salute the Classic: Revisiting Challenges of Machine Translation in the Age of Large Language Modelscited by 17
- 2021A Survey on Low-Resource Neural Machine Translationcited by 16
- 2021Don't Go Far Off: An Empirical Study on Neural Poetry Translationcited by 15
12 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2026The University of Melbourne WMT 2026 CreoleMT Submission: A Domain-Balanced Approach to Low-Resource Pacific Creole Machine Translation12 Sep 2026
- 2026MixedPEFT: Combining Multiple PEFT Methods with Mixed Objectives for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation20 Jun 2026
- 2026Challenges in Translating Technical Lectures: Insights from the NPTEL9 Feb 2026
- 2025BanglaSTEM: A Parallel Corpus for Technical Domain Bangla-English Translation5 Nov 2025
- 2025An Interdisciplinary Approach to Human-Centered Machine Translation16 Jun 2025
- 2025In-Domain African Languages Translation Using LLMs and Multi-armed Bandits21 May 2025
- 2025Efficient Domain-adaptive Continual Pretraining for the Process Industry in the German Language28 Apr 2025
- 2025English Please: Evaluating Machine Translation with Large Language Models for Multilingual Bug Reports20 Feb 2025
- 2024Automated Collection of Evaluation Dataset for Semantic Search in Low-Resource Domain Language13 Dec 2024
- 2024F-MALLOC: Feed-forward Memory Allocation for Continual Learning in Neural Machine Translation7 Apr 2024
- 2024Salute the Classic: Revisiting Challenges of Machine Translation in the Age of Large Language Models16 Jan 2024
- 2023Towards Faster k-Nearest-Neighbor Machine Translation12 Dec 2023
12 newest of 60 All 60 (JSON)