modAL: A modular active learning framework for Python
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Abstract (arXiv)
modAL is a modular active learning framework for Python, aimed to make active learning research and practice simpler. Its distinguishing features are (i) clear and modular object oriented design (ii) full compatibility with scikit-learn models and workflows. These features make fast prototyping and easy extensibility possible, aiding the development of real-life active learning pipelines and novel algorithms as well. modAL is fully open source, hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/cosmic-cortex/modAL. To assure code quality, extensive unit tests are provided and continuous integration is applied. In addition, a detailed documentation with several tutorials are also available for ease of use. The framework is available in PyPI and distributed under the MIT license.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 May 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 10; 2023: 9; 2024: 2; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.
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- 2021Small-Text: Active Learning for Text Classification in Pythoncited by 18
- 2021Practical Galaxy Morphology Tools from Deep Supervised Representation Learningcited by 14
- 2021Hitting the Target: Stopping Active Learning at the Cost-Based Optimumcited by 9
- 2021Active Learning for Improved Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation in Satellite Imagescited by 9
- 2022Less Is More: A Comparison of Active Learning Strategies for 3D Medical Image Segmentationcited by 7
- 2023Novel Intent Detection and Active Learning Based Classification (Student Abstract)cited by 6
- 2022Ground Truth Inference for Weakly Supervised Entity Matchingcited by 5
- 2023An Expanded Benchmark that Rediscovers and Affirms the Edge of Uncertainty Sampling for Active Learning in Tabular Datasetscited by 4
- 2025General Information Metrics for Improving AI Model Training Efficiencycited by 4
- 2022Deep reinforced active learning for multi-class image classificationcited by 3
- 2021Seeing and Believing: Evaluating the Trustworthiness of Twitter Userscited by 2
- 2021Addressing practical challenges in Active Learning via a hybrid query strategycited by 2
23 more
- 2022PyRelationAL: a python library for active learning research and developmentcited by 2
- 2022Trust and Believe -- Should We? Evaluating the Trustworthiness of Twitter Userscited by 2
- 2023MEGAnno: Exploratory Labeling for NLP in Computational Notebookscited by 2
- 2023Implementing Active Learning in Cybersecurity: Detecting Anomalies in Redacted Emailscited by 2
- 2021AstronomicAL: An interactive dashboard for visualisation, integration and classification of data using Active Learningcited by 1
- 2022Semantic Interactive Learning for Text Classification: A Constructive Approach for Contextual Interactionscited by 1
- 2022ALANNO: An Active Learning Annotation System for Mortalscited by 1
- 2023Are Good Explainers Secretly Human-in-the-Loop Active Learners?cited by 1
- 2025Targeting Misalignment: A Conflict-Aware Framework for Reward-Model-based LLM Alignmentcited by 1
- 2021Unsupervised Instance Selection with Low-Label, Supervised Learning for Outlier Detectioncited by 0
- 2022SARS-CoV-2 Result Interpretation based on Image Analysis of Lateral Flow Devicescited by 0
- 2022Active-Learning-as-a-Service: An Automatic and Efficient MLOps System for Data-Centric AIcited by 0
- 2022Label-Efficient Interactive Time-Series Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
- 2023Decentralized Technologies for AI Hubscited by 0
- 2023Combining Thermodynamics-based Model of the Centrifugal Compressors and Active Machine Learning for Enhanced Industrial Design Optimizationcited by 0
- 2023Pool-Based Active Learning with Proper Topological Regionscited by 0
- 2023ActiveClean: Generating Line-Level Vulnerability Data via Active Learningcited by 0
- 2024Frugal Algorithm Selectioncited by 0
- 2024regAL: Python Package for Active Learning of Regression Problemscited by 0
- 2025IDALC: A Semi-Supervised Framework for Intent Detection and Active Learning based Correctioncited by 0
- 2026Active Learning Using Aggregated Acquisition Functions: Accuracy and Sustainability Analysiscited by 0
- 2026Active Learning for Biodiversity Monitoring: From Label Efficiency to Reliable Ecological Inferencecited by 0
- 2026ALF: An Active Learning Framework for Scientific Discoverycited by 0
- 2026ALF: An Active Learning Framework for Scientific Discovery25 Sep 2026
- 2026Active Learning for Biodiversity Monitoring: From Label Efficiency to Reliable Ecological Inference23 Sep 2026
- 2026Active Learning Using Aggregated Acquisition Functions: Accuracy and Sustainability Analysis7 Feb 2026
- 2025Targeting Misalignment: A Conflict-Aware Framework for Reward-Model-based LLM Alignment10 Dec 2025
- 2025IDALC: A Semi-Supervised Framework for Intent Detection and Active Learning based Correction8 Nov 2025
- 2025General Information Metrics for Improving AI Model Training Efficiency2 Jan 2025
- 2024regAL: Python Package for Active Learning of Regression Problems23 Oct 2024
- 2024Frugal Algorithm Selection17 May 2024
- 2023ActiveClean: Generating Line-Level Vulnerability Data via Active Learning4 Dec 2023
- 2023Pool-Based Active Learning with Proper Topological Regions2 Oct 2023
- 2023Combining Thermodynamics-based Model of the Centrifugal Compressors and Active Machine Learning for Enhanced Industrial Design Optimization6 Sep 2023
- 2023Are Good Explainers Secretly Human-in-the-Loop Active Learners?24 Jun 2023
23 more
- 2023An Expanded Benchmark that Rediscovers and Affirms the Edge of Uncertainty Sampling for Active Learning in Tabular Datasets15 Jun 2023
- 2023Decentralized Technologies for AI Hubs7 Jun 2023
- 2023Implementing Active Learning in Cybersecurity: Detecting Anomalies in Redacted Emails1 Mar 2023
- 2023Novel Intent Detection and Active Learning Based Classification (Student Abstract)22 Feb 2023
- 2023MEGAnno: Exploratory Labeling for NLP in Computational Notebooks8 Jan 2023
- 2022Label-Efficient Interactive Time-Series Anomaly Detection30 Dec 2022
- 2022Ground Truth Inference for Weakly Supervised Entity Matching13 Nov 2022
- 2022ALANNO: An Active Learning Annotation System for Mortals11 Nov 2022
- 2022Trust and Believe -- Should We? Evaluating the Trustworthiness of Twitter Users27 Oct 2022
- 2022Semantic Interactive Learning for Text Classification: A Constructive Approach for Contextual Interactions7 Sep 2022
- 2022Active-Learning-as-a-Service: An Automatic and Efficient MLOps System for Data-Centric AI19 Jul 2022
- 2022Less Is More: A Comparison of Active Learning Strategies for 3D Medical Image Segmentation2 Jul 2022
- 2022Deep reinforced active learning for multi-class image classification20 Jun 2022
- 2022SARS-CoV-2 Result Interpretation based on Image Analysis of Lateral Flow Devices26 May 2022
- 2022PyRelationAL: a python library for active learning research and development23 May 2022
- 2021Practical Galaxy Morphology Tools from Deep Supervised Representation Learning25 Oct 2021
- 2021Active Learning for Improved Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation in Satellite Images15 Oct 2021
- 2021Hitting the Target: Stopping Active Learning at the Cost-Based Optimum7 Oct 2021
- 2021Addressing practical challenges in Active Learning via a hybrid query strategy7 Oct 2021
- 2021AstronomicAL: An interactive dashboard for visualisation, integration and classification of data using Active Learning11 Sep 2021
- 2021Small-Text: Active Learning for Text Classification in Python21 Jul 2021
- 2021Seeing and Believing: Evaluating the Trustworthiness of Twitter Users16 Jul 2021
- 2021Unsupervised Instance Selection with Low-Label, Supervised Learning for Outlier Detection26 Apr 2021
- 2021Small-Text: Active Learning for Text Classification in Pythoncited by 18
- 2021Practical Galaxy Morphology Tools from Deep Supervised Representation Learningcited by 14
- 2021Hitting the Target: Stopping Active Learning at the Cost-Based Optimumcited by 9
- 2021Active Learning for Improved Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation in Satellite Imagescited by 9
- 2022Less Is More: A Comparison of Active Learning Strategies for 3D Medical Image Segmentationcited by 7
- 2023Novel Intent Detection and Active Learning Based Classification (Student Abstract)cited by 6
- 2022Ground Truth Inference for Weakly Supervised Entity Matchingcited by 5
- 2023An Expanded Benchmark that Rediscovers and Affirms the Edge of Uncertainty Sampling for Active Learning in Tabular Datasetscited by 4
- 2025General Information Metrics for Improving AI Model Training Efficiencycited by 4
- 2022Deep reinforced active learning for multi-class image classificationcited by 3
- 2021Seeing and Believing: Evaluating the Trustworthiness of Twitter Userscited by 2
- 2021Addressing practical challenges in Active Learning via a hybrid query strategycited by 2
12 most cited of 34 All 34 (JSON)
- 2026ALF: An Active Learning Framework for Scientific Discovery25 Sep 2026
- 2026Active Learning for Biodiversity Monitoring: From Label Efficiency to Reliable Ecological Inference23 Sep 2026
- 2026Active Learning Using Aggregated Acquisition Functions: Accuracy and Sustainability Analysis7 Feb 2026
- 2025IDALC: A Semi-Supervised Framework for Intent Detection and Active Learning based Correction8 Nov 2025
- 2025General Information Metrics for Improving AI Model Training Efficiency2 Jan 2025
- 2024regAL: Python Package for Active Learning of Regression Problems23 Oct 2024
- 2024Frugal Algorithm Selection17 May 2024
- 2023ActiveClean: Generating Line-Level Vulnerability Data via Active Learning4 Dec 2023
- 2023Pool-Based Active Learning with Proper Topological Regions2 Oct 2023
- 2023Combining Thermodynamics-based Model of the Centrifugal Compressors and Active Machine Learning for Enhanced Industrial Design Optimization6 Sep 2023
- 2023Are Good Explainers Secretly Human-in-the-Loop Active Learners?24 Jun 2023
- 2023An Expanded Benchmark that Rediscovers and Affirms the Edge of Uncertainty Sampling for Active Learning in Tabular Datasets15 Jun 2023
12 newest of 34 All 34 (JSON)