Speech2Vec: A Sequence-to-Sequence Framework for Learning Word Embeddings from Speech
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we propose a novel deep neural network architecture, Speech2Vec, for learning fixed-length vector representations of audio segments excised from a speech corpus, where the vectors contain semantic information pertaining to the underlying spoken words, and are close to other vectors in the embedding space if their corresponding underlying spoken words are semantically similar. The proposed model can be viewed as a speech version of Word2Vec. Its design is based on a RNN Encoder-Decoder framework, and borrows the methodology of skipgrams or continuous bag-of-words for training. Learning word embeddings directly from speech enables Speech2Vec to make use of the semantic information carried by speech that does not exist in plain text. The learned word embeddings are evaluated and analyzed on 13 widely used word similarity benchmarks, and outperform word embeddings learned by Word2Vec from the transcriptions.
Key facts. Cited by 52 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Mar 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 19; 2022: 15; 2023: 15; 2024: 3.
52 papers.
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- 2021Layer-wise Analysis of a Self-supervised Speech Representation Modelcited by 298
- 2022Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning: A Reviewcited by 260
- 2023Google USM: Scaling Automatic Speech Recognition Beyond 100 Languagescited by 231
- 2021SpeechT5: Unified-Modal Encoder-Decoder Pre-Training for Spoken Language Processingcited by 180
- 2021Unsupervised Speech Recognitioncited by 148
- 2021BigSSL: Exploring the Frontier of Large-Scale Semi-Supervised Learning for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 88
- 2021Simple and Effective Zero-shot Cross-lingual Phoneme Recognitioncited by 79
- 2022Audio Self-supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 65
- 2023A Survey on Time-Series Pre-Trained Modelscited by 52
- 2022LightHuBERT: Lightweight and Configurable Speech Representation Learning with Once-for-All Hidden-Unit BERTcited by 50
- 2021The Zero Resource Speech Challenge 2021: Spoken language modellingcited by 47
- 2023Transformers in Speech Processing: A Surveycited by 39
38 more
- 2022Self-supervised language learning from raw audio: Lessons from the Zero Resource Speech Challengecited by 34
- 2021Fast End-to-End Speech Recognition via Non-Autoregressive Models and Cross-Modal Knowledge Transferring from BERTcited by 31
- 2021CLSRIL-23: Cross Lingual Speech Representations for Indic Languagescited by 22
- 2022TVLT: Textless Vision-Language Transformercited by 22
- 2021Improved Language Identification Through Cross-Lingual Self-Supervised Learningcited by 20
- 2021Acoustic word embeddings for zero-resource languages using self-supervised contrastive learning and multilingual adaptationcited by 19
- 2023Generative Spoken Language Model based on continuous word-sized audio tokenscited by 19
- 2021Capitalization and Punctuation Restoration: a Surveycited by 13
- 2022Maestro-U: Leveraging joint speech-text representation learning for zero supervised speech ASRcited by 13
- 2022ASiT: Local-Global Audio Spectrogram vIsion Transformer for Event Classificationcited by 13
- 2023Masked Modeling for Self-supervised Representation Learning on Vision and Beyondcited by 13
- 2022DP-Parse: Finding Word Boundaries from Raw Speech with an Instance Lexiconcited by 12
- 2022A Brief Overview of Unsupervised Neural Speech Representation Learningcited by 9
- 2022Are word boundaries useful for unsupervised language learning?cited by 8
- 2021Multilingual transfer of acoustic word embeddings improves when training on languages related to the target zero-resource languagecited by 7
- 2021On the Difficulty of Segmenting Words with Attentioncited by 6
- 2021Unsupervised Automatic Speech Recognition: A Reviewcited by 5
- 2023Relax, it doesn't matter how you get there: A new self-supervised approach for multi-timescale behavior analysiscited by 4
- 2023Evaluating OpenAI's Whisper ASR for Punctuation Prediction and Topic Modeling of life histories of the Museum of the Personcited by 4
- 2021Contrastive Separative Coding for Self-supervised Representation Learningcited by 3
- 2021Cetacean Translation Initiative: a roadmap to deciphering the communication of sperm whalescited by 3
- 2024BiSSL: Enhancing the Alignment Between Self-Supervised Pretraining and Downstream Fine-Tuning via Bilevel Optimizationcited by 3
- 2022Integrating Form and Meaning: A Multi-Task Learning Model for Acoustic Word Embeddingscited by 2
- 2023Leveraging multilingual transfer for unsupervised semantic acoustic word embeddingscited by 2
- 2024Improving noisy student training for low-resource languages in End-to-End ASR using CycleGAN and inter-domain lossescited by 2
- 2021Multimodal Punctuation Prediction with Contextual Dropoutcited by 1
- 2021Modeling Dynamics of Facial Behavior for Mental Health Assessmentcited by 1
- 2021Attention is All You Need? Good Embeddings with Statistics are enough:Large Scale Audio Understanding without Transformers/ Convolutions/ BERTs/ Mixers/ Attention/ RNNs or ....cited by 1
- 2022Learning Phone Recognition from Unpaired Audio and Phone Sequences Based on Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 1
- 2023Supervised Acoustic Embeddings And Their Transferability Across Languagescited by 1
- 2023Acoustic models of Brazilian Portuguese Speech based on Neural Transformerscited by 1
- 2023Efficiency-oriented approaches for self-supervised speech representation learningcited by 1
- 2022Adding Connectionist Temporal Summarization into Conformer to Improve Its Decoder Efficiency For Speech Recognitioncited by 0
- 2022Homophone Reveals the Truth: A Reality Check for Speech2Veccited by 0
- 2022One-Shot Acoustic Matching Of Audio Signals -- Learning to Hear Music In Any Room/ Concert Hallcited by 0
- 2023Content Adaptive Front End For Audio Classificationcited by 0
- 2023Frequency-aware Dimension Selection for Static Word Embedding by Mixed Product Distancecited by 0
- 2023Diverse Audio Embeddings -- Bringing Features Back Outperforms CLAP!cited by 0
50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2024Convolutional Variational Autoencoders for Spectrogram Compression in Automatic Speech Recognition3 Oct 2024
- 2024BiSSL: Enhancing the Alignment Between Self-Supervised Pretraining and Downstream Fine-Tuning via Bilevel Optimization3 Oct 2024
- 2024Improving noisy student training for low-resource languages in End-to-End ASR using CycleGAN and inter-domain losses26 Jul 2024
- 2023Masked Modeling for Self-supervised Representation Learning on Vision and Beyond31 Dec 2023
- 2023Efficiency-oriented approaches for self-supervised speech representation learning18 Dec 2023
- 2023Acoustic models of Brazilian Portuguese Speech based on Neural Transformers14 Dec 2023
- 2023Spoken Word2Vec: Learning Skipgram Embeddings from Speech15 Nov 2023
- 2023Generative Spoken Language Model based on continuous word-sized audio tokens8 Oct 2023
- 2023Diverse Audio Embeddings -- Bringing Features Back Outperforms CLAP!15 Sep 2023
- 2023Leveraging multilingual transfer for unsupervised semantic acoustic word embeddings5 Jul 2023
- 2023Evaluating OpenAI's Whisper ASR for Punctuation Prediction and Topic Modeling of life histories of the Museum of the Person23 May 2023
- 2023A Survey on Time-Series Pre-Trained Models18 May 2023
38 more
- 2023Frequency-aware Dimension Selection for Static Word Embedding by Mixed Product Distance13 May 2023
- 2023Transformers in Speech Processing: A Survey21 Mar 2023
- 2023Content Adaptive Front End For Audio Classification18 Mar 2023
- 2023Relax, it doesn't matter how you get there: A new self-supervised approach for multi-timescale behavior analysis15 Mar 2023
- 2023Google USM: Scaling Automatic Speech Recognition Beyond 100 Languages2 Mar 2023
- 2023Supervised Acoustic Embeddings And Their Transferability Across Languages3 Jan 2023
- 2022ASiT: Local-Global Audio Spectrogram vIsion Transformer for Event Classification23 Nov 2022
- 2022Self-supervised language learning from raw audio: Lessons from the Zero Resource Speech Challenge27 Oct 2022
- 2022One-Shot Acoustic Matching Of Audio Signals -- Learning to Hear Music In Any Room/ Concert Hall27 Oct 2022
- 2022Maestro-U: Leveraging joint speech-text representation learning for zero supervised speech ASR18 Oct 2022
- 2022Are word boundaries useful for unsupervised language learning?6 Oct 2022
- 2022TVLT: Textless Vision-Language Transformer28 Sep 2022
- 2022Homophone Reveals the Truth: A Reality Check for Speech2Vec22 Sep 2022
- 2022Integrating Form and Meaning: A Multi-Task Learning Model for Acoustic Word Embeddings14 Sep 2022
- 2022Learning Phone Recognition from Unpaired Audio and Phone Sequences Based on Generative Adversarial Network29 Jul 2022
- 2022DP-Parse: Finding Word Boundaries from Raw Speech with an Instance Lexicon22 Jun 2022
- 2022Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning: A Review21 May 2022
- 2022Adding Connectionist Temporal Summarization into Conformer to Improve Its Decoder Efficiency For Speech Recognition8 Apr 2022
- 2022LightHuBERT: Lightweight and Configurable Speech Representation Learning with Once-for-All Hidden-Unit BERT29 Mar 2022
- 2022Audio Self-supervised Learning: A Survey2 Mar 2022
- 2022A Brief Overview of Unsupervised Neural Speech Representation Learning1 Mar 2022
- 2021Capitalization and Punctuation Restoration: a Survey21 Nov 2021
- 2021SpeechT5: Unified-Modal Encoder-Decoder Pre-Training for Spoken Language Processing14 Oct 2021
- 2021Attention is All You Need? Good Embeddings with Statistics are enough:Large Scale Audio Understanding without Transformers/ Convolutions/ BERTs/ Mixers/ Attention/ RNNs or ....7 Oct 2021
- 2021BigSSL: Exploring the Frontier of Large-Scale Semi-Supervised Learning for Automatic Speech Recognition27 Sep 2021
- 2021Simple and Effective Zero-shot Cross-lingual Phoneme Recognition23 Sep 2021
- 2021On the Difficulty of Segmenting Words with Attention21 Sep 2021
- 2021Modeling Dynamics of Facial Behavior for Mental Health Assessment23 Aug 2021
- 2021CLSRIL-23: Cross Lingual Speech Representations for Indic Languages15 Jul 2021
- 2021Layer-wise Analysis of a Self-supervised Speech Representation Model10 Jul 2021
- 2021Improved Language Identification Through Cross-Lingual Self-Supervised Learning8 Jul 2021
- 2021Multilingual transfer of acoustic word embeddings improves when training on languages related to the target zero-resource language24 Jun 2021
- 2021Unsupervised Automatic Speech Recognition: A Review9 Jun 2021
- 2021Unsupervised Speech Recognition24 May 2021
- 2021The Zero Resource Speech Challenge 2021: Spoken language modelling29 Apr 2021
- 2021Cetacean Translation Initiative: a roadmap to deciphering the communication of sperm whales17 Apr 2021
- 2021Acoustic word embeddings for zero-resource languages using self-supervised contrastive learning and multilingual adaptation19 Mar 2021
- 2021Contrastive Separative Coding for Self-supervised Representation Learning1 Mar 2021
50 newest of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2021Layer-wise Analysis of a Self-supervised Speech Representation Modelcited by 298
- 2022Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning: A Reviewcited by 260
- 2023Google USM: Scaling Automatic Speech Recognition Beyond 100 Languagescited by 231
- 2021SpeechT5: Unified-Modal Encoder-Decoder Pre-Training for Spoken Language Processingcited by 180
- 2021Unsupervised Speech Recognitioncited by 148
- 2021BigSSL: Exploring the Frontier of Large-Scale Semi-Supervised Learning for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 88
- 2021Simple and Effective Zero-shot Cross-lingual Phoneme Recognitioncited by 79
- 2022Audio Self-supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 65
- 2023A Survey on Time-Series Pre-Trained Modelscited by 52
- 2022LightHuBERT: Lightweight and Configurable Speech Representation Learning with Once-for-All Hidden-Unit BERTcited by 50
- 2021The Zero Resource Speech Challenge 2021: Spoken language modellingcited by 47
- 2023Transformers in Speech Processing: A Surveycited by 39
12 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2024Convolutional Variational Autoencoders for Spectrogram Compression in Automatic Speech Recognition3 Oct 2024
- 2024BiSSL: Enhancing the Alignment Between Self-Supervised Pretraining and Downstream Fine-Tuning via Bilevel Optimization3 Oct 2024
- 2024Improving noisy student training for low-resource languages in End-to-End ASR using CycleGAN and inter-domain losses26 Jul 2024
- 2023Masked Modeling for Self-supervised Representation Learning on Vision and Beyond31 Dec 2023
- 2023Efficiency-oriented approaches for self-supervised speech representation learning18 Dec 2023
- 2023Acoustic models of Brazilian Portuguese Speech based on Neural Transformers14 Dec 2023
- 2023Spoken Word2Vec: Learning Skipgram Embeddings from Speech15 Nov 2023
- 2023Generative Spoken Language Model based on continuous word-sized audio tokens8 Oct 2023
- 2023Diverse Audio Embeddings -- Bringing Features Back Outperforms CLAP!15 Sep 2023
- 2023Leveraging multilingual transfer for unsupervised semantic acoustic word embeddings5 Jul 2023
- 2023Evaluating OpenAI's Whisper ASR for Punctuation Prediction and Topic Modeling of life histories of the Museum of the Person23 May 2023
- 2023A Survey on Time-Series Pre-Trained Models18 May 2023
12 newest of 52 All 52 (JSON)