A General Pipeline for 3D Detection of Vehicles
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Abstract (arXiv)
Autonomous driving requires 3D perception of vehicles and other objects in the in environment. Much of the current methods support 2D vehicle detection. This paper proposes a flexible pipeline to adopt any 2D detection network and fuse it with a 3D point cloud to generate 3D information with minimum changes of the 2D detection networks. To identify the 3D box, an effective model fitting algorithm is developed based on generalised car models and score maps. A two-stage convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed to refine the detected 3D box. This pipeline is tested on the KITTI dataset using two different 2D detection networks. The 3D detection results based on these two networks are similar, demonstrating the flexibility of the proposed pipeline. The results rank second among the 3D detection algorithms, indicating its competencies in 3D detection.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Feb 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 9; 2023: 0; 2024: 1; 2025: 2.
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- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2021Invisible for both Camera and LiDAR: Security of Multi-Sensor Fusion based Perception in Autonomous Driving Under Physical-World Attackscited by 101
- 2021SPG: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection via Semantic Point Generationcited by 93
- 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Surveycited by 73
- 2022HRFuser: A Multi-resolution Sensor Fusion Architecture for 2D Object Detectioncited by 30
- 2022Pointillism: Accurate 3D bounding box estimation with multi-radarscited by 22
- 2021See Eye to Eye: A Lidar-Agnostic 3D Detection Framework for Unsupervised Multi-Target Domain Adaptationcited by 15
- 2022HFT: Lifting Perspective Representations via Hybrid Feature Transformationcited by 11
- 2022Multi-Sem Fusion: Multimodal Semantic Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 11
- 2025PF3Det: A Prompted Foundation Feature Assisted Visual LiDAR 3D Detectorcited by 4
- 2022Survey and Systematization of 3D Object Detection Models and Methodscited by 3
- 2024Navigating Threats: A Survey of Physical Adversarial Attacks on LiDAR Perception Systems in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 3
3 more
- 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehiclescited by 3
- 2022Enabling Efficient Deep Convolutional Neural Network-based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2022ImLiDAR: Cross-Sensor Dynamic Message Propagation Network for 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehicles27 Jun 2025
- 2025PF3Det: A Prompted Foundation Feature Assisted Visual LiDAR 3D Detector4 Apr 2025
- 2024Navigating Threats: A Survey of Physical Adversarial Attacks on LiDAR Perception Systems in Autonomous Vehicles30 Sep 2024
- 2022Multi-Sem Fusion: Multimodal Semantic Fusion for 3D Object Detection10 Dec 2022
- 2022ImLiDAR: Cross-Sensor Dynamic Message Propagation Network for 3D Object Detection17 Nov 2022
- 2022HRFuser: A Multi-resolution Sensor Fusion Architecture for 2D Object Detection30 Jun 2022
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Survey19 Jun 2022
- 2022HFT: Lifting Perspective Representations via Hybrid Feature Transformation11 Apr 2022
- 2022Pointillism: Accurate 3D bounding box estimation with multi-radars8 Mar 2022
- 2022Enabling Efficient Deep Convolutional Neural Network-based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving22 Feb 2022
- 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Survey6 Feb 2022
- 2022Survey and Systematization of 3D Object Detection Models and Methods23 Jan 2022
3 more
- 2021See Eye to Eye: A Lidar-Agnostic 3D Detection Framework for Unsupervised Multi-Target Domain Adaptation17 Nov 2021
- 2021SPG: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection via Semantic Point Generation15 Aug 2021
- 2021Invisible for both Camera and LiDAR: Security of Multi-Sensor Fusion based Perception in Autonomous Driving Under Physical-World Attacks17 Jun 2021
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2021SPG: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection via Semantic Point Generationcited by 93
- 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Surveycited by 73
- 2022HRFuser: A Multi-resolution Sensor Fusion Architecture for 2D Object Detectioncited by 30
- 2022Pointillism: Accurate 3D bounding box estimation with multi-radarscited by 22
- 2021See Eye to Eye: A Lidar-Agnostic 3D Detection Framework for Unsupervised Multi-Target Domain Adaptationcited by 15
- 2022HFT: Lifting Perspective Representations via Hybrid Feature Transformationcited by 11
- 2022Multi-Sem Fusion: Multimodal Semantic Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 11
- 2025PF3Det: A Prompted Foundation Feature Assisted Visual LiDAR 3D Detectorcited by 4
- 2022Survey and Systematization of 3D Object Detection Models and Methodscited by 3
- 2024Navigating Threats: A Survey of Physical Adversarial Attacks on LiDAR Perception Systems in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 3
- 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehiclescited by 3
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehicles27 Jun 2025
- 2025PF3Det: A Prompted Foundation Feature Assisted Visual LiDAR 3D Detector4 Apr 2025
- 2024Navigating Threats: A Survey of Physical Adversarial Attacks on LiDAR Perception Systems in Autonomous Vehicles30 Sep 2024
- 2022Multi-Sem Fusion: Multimodal Semantic Fusion for 3D Object Detection10 Dec 2022
- 2022ImLiDAR: Cross-Sensor Dynamic Message Propagation Network for 3D Object Detection17 Nov 2022
- 2022HRFuser: A Multi-resolution Sensor Fusion Architecture for 2D Object Detection30 Jun 2022
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Survey19 Jun 2022
- 2022HFT: Lifting Perspective Representations via Hybrid Feature Transformation11 Apr 2022
- 2022Pointillism: Accurate 3D bounding box estimation with multi-radars8 Mar 2022
- 2022Enabling Efficient Deep Convolutional Neural Network-based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving22 Feb 2022
- 2022Multi-modal Sensor Fusion for Auto Driving Perception: A Survey6 Feb 2022
- 2022Survey and Systematization of 3D Object Detection Models and Methods23 Jan 2022
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)