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Hyperledger Fabric: A Distributed Operating System for Permissioned Blockchains

arXiv 1801.10228 ↗First posted 30 Jan 2018cs.DC cs.CRcited by 48

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Abstract (arXiv)

Fabric is a modular and extensible open-source system for deploying and operating permissioned blockchains and one of the Hyperledger projects hosted by the Linux Foundation (www.hyperledger.org). Fabric is the first truly extensible blockchain system for running distributed applications. It supports modular consensus protocols, which allows the system to be tailored to particular use cases and trust models. Fabric is also the first blockchain system that runs distributed applications written in standard, general-purpose programming languages, without systemic dependency on a native cryptocurrency. This stands in sharp contrast to existing blockchain platforms that require "smart-contracts" to be written in domain-specific languages or rely on a cryptocurrency. Fabric realizes the permissioned model using a portable notion of membership, which may be integrated with industry-standard identity management. To support such flexibility, Fabric introduces an entirely novel blockchain design and revamps the way blockchains cope with non-determinism, resource exhaustion, and performance attacks. This paper describes Fabric, its architecture, the rationale behind various design decisions, its most prominent implementation aspects, as well as its distributed application programming model. We further evaluate Fabric by implementing and benchmarking a Bitcoin-inspired digital currency. We show that Fabric achieves end-to-end throughput of more than 3500 transactions per second in certain popular deployment configurations, with sub-second latency, scaling well to over 100 peers.

Key facts. Cited by 48 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Jan 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 9; 2023: 8; 2024: 11; 2025: 3; 2026: 11.

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  1. 2024Decentralized Federated Learning: A Survey on Security and Privacycited by 25
  2. 2022Decentral and Incentivized Federated Learning Frameworks: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 15
  3. 2024Enhancing Trust and Privacy in Distributed Networks: A Comprehensive Survey on Blockchain-based Federated Learningcited by 8
  4. 2022BEAS: Blockchain Enabled Asynchronous & Secure Federated Machine Learningcited by 7
  5. 2024Privacy-Preserving in Blockchain-based Federated Learning Systemscited by 7
  6. 2026Right to History: A Sovereignty Kernel for Verifiable AI Agent Executioncited by 7
  7. 2023Advancing Federated Learning in 6G: A Trusted Architecture with Graph-based Analysiscited by 6
  8. 2022A review of Federated Learning in Intrusion Detection Systems for IoTcited by 4
  9. 2023FLEDGE: Ledger-based Federated Learning Resilient to Inference and Backdoor Attackscited by 4
  10. 2024Is Your AI Truly Yours? Leveraging Blockchain for Copyrights, Provenance, and Lineagecited by 4
  11. 2022Towards an Accountable and Reproducible Federated Learning: A FactSheets Approachcited by 3
  12. 2023Blockchain-Empowered Trustworthy Data Sharing: Fundamentals, Applications, and Challengescited by 3
36 more
  1. 2021Blockchain-Based Federated Learning in Mobile Edge Networks with Application in Internet of Vehiclescited by 2
  2. 2021Reward-Based 1-bit Compressed Federated Distillation on Blockchaincited by 2
  3. 2022Digital Twins for Dynamic Management of Blockchain Systemscited by 2
  4. 2022An Efficient and Reliable Asynchronous Federated Learning Scheme for Smart Public Transportationcited by 2
  5. 2023Survey of Federated Learning Models for Spatial-Temporal Mobility Applicationscited by 2
  6. 2024Proof-of-Collaborative-Learning: A Multi-winner Federated Learning Consensus Algorithmcited by 2
  7. 2026A Survey on AI for 6G: Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 2
  8. 2023SourceP: Detecting Ponzi Schemes on Ethereum with Source Codecited by 1
  9. 2023Can Blockchains Reliably Train Machine Learning Models?cited by 1
  10. 2024FedBChain: A Blockchain-enabled Federated Learning Framework for Improving DeepConvLSTM with Comparative Strategy Insightscited by 1
  11. 2024MetaBGM: Dynamic Soundtrack Transformation For Continuous Multi-Scene Experiences With Ambient Awareness And Personalizationcited by 1
  12. 2026Federated Inference: Toward Privacy-Preserving Collaborative and Incentivized Model Servingcited by 1
  13. 2026InfraBench: Evaluating Infrastructure Agents Across Layers, Lifecycle, and Riskcited by 1
  14. 2021Measuring the Impact of Blockchain and Smart Contract on Construction Supply Chain Visibilitycited by 0
  15. 2021A Bytecode-based Approach for Smart Contract Classificationcited by 0
  16. 2021How Computer Science Can Aid Forest Restorationcited by 0
  17. 2021Towards automated verification of multi-party consensus protocolscited by 0
  18. 2022A Framework for Verifiable and Auditable Federated Anomaly Detectioncited by 0
  19. 2022APPFLChain: A Privacy Protection Distributed Artificial-Intelligence Architecture Based on Federated Learning and Consortium Blockchaincited by 0
  20. 2022An Energy Optimized Specializing DAG Federated Learning based on Event Triggered Communicationcited by 0
  21. 2023PredictChain: Empowering Collaboration and Data Accessibility for AI in a Decentralized Blockchain-based Marketplacecited by 0
  22. 2023DAG-ACFL: Asynchronous Clustered Federated Learning based on DAG-DLTcited by 0
  23. 2024Auditable Homomorphic-based Decentralized Collaborative AI with Attribute-based Differential Privacycited by 0
  24. 2024Permissioned Blockchain-based Framework for Ranking Synthetic Data Generatorscited by 0
  25. 2024Reputation-Driven Asynchronous Federated Learning for Enhanced Trajectory Prediction with Blockchaincited by 0
  26. 2024A Survey on Blockchain-based Supply Chain Finance with Progress and Future directionscited by 0
  27. 2025HLF-FSL. A Decentralized Federated Split Learning Solution for IoT on Hyperledger Fabriccited by 0
  28. 2025Bubble, Bubble, AI's Rumble: Why Global Financial Regulatory Incident Reporting is Our Shield Against Systemic Stumblescited by 0
  29. 2025Collaborative penetration testing suite for emerging generative AI algorithmscited by 0
  30. 2026ICBAC: an Intelligent Contract-Based Access Control framework for supply chain management by integrating blockchain and federated learningcited by 0
  31. 2026A Blockchain-based Traceability System for AI-Driven Engine Blade Inspectioncited by 0
  32. 2026Governance-Constrained Agentic AI: Blockchain-Enforced Human Oversight for Safety-Critical Wildfire Monitoringcited by 0
  33. 2026Public and private blockchain for decentralized digital building twins and building automation systemcited by 0
  34. 2026AGNT2: Autonomous Agent Economies on Interaction-Optimized Layer 2 Infrastructurecited by 0
  35. 2026Caliper-in-the-Loop: Black-Box Optimization for Hyperledger Fabric Performance Tuningcited by 0
  36. 2026Skillsets on the Chain: A Blockchain-based Zero-Trust Framework for Agentic AI Networkingcited by 0